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George Barton House

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George Barton House
View from the south
Map
Interactive map showing the Barton House's location
Location118 Summit Avenue, Buffalo, New York, US
Coordinates42°56′12″N 78°50′52″W / 42.93667°N 78.84778°W / 42.93667; -78.84778
Built1903–1904
ArchitectFrank Lloyd Wright
Architectural stylePrairie School
Part ofParkside East Historic District (ID86002817)
NRHP reference No.75001185
NYSRHP No.02940.005583[1]
Significant dates
Added to NRHP1975-12-30
Designated NYSRHP1980-06-23[1]

The George Barton House is a Prairie style house at 118 Summit Avenue in Buffalo, New York, United States. The house was designed by Frank Lloyd Wright and developed between 1903 and 1904 for George and Delta Barton, the brother-in-law and sister of the businessman Darwin D. Martin. Located just north of Martin's own house, it was the first of six buildings in the Darwin D. Martin House estate. The Barton House has a two-story, cruciform layout formed by intersecting one- and two-story wings. The exterior has a Roman brick facade and overhanging roofs, and the interior spans 4,400 square feet (410 m2) across eight rooms. The Barton House is listed on the National Register of Historic Places as part of the Martin estate.

Martin commissioned the house as a test, the success of which led Martin to hire Wright to design his own house and the Larkin Administration Building. The project, Wright's first on the East Coast of the United States, significantly overran its initial $4,000 budget, ultimately costing $12,000. Unlike the rest of the Martin estate, the Barton House was never abandoned or heavily modified. The property was acquired by the University at Buffalo in the 1960s and later sold to private owners before being purchased by the Martin House Restoration Corporation in 1994. It was renovated in 2018 and is open to the public for tours and events.

Description

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The George Barton House (also known as the Delta and George F. Barton House[2]) is one of six buildings in the Darwin D. Martin Estate, designed by architect Frank Lloyd Wright,[3][4] in Buffalo, New York, United States.[5][6] The Barton House is at the northeast corner of the complex,[7][8] at 118 Summit Avenue.[5][9] The estate is part of the Parkside East Historic District.[10][11] The historian Eric Jackson-Forsberg wrote that the Barton House, intended as a middle-class residence, represented the second-highest of four social tiers of housing within the complex.[12] Jackson-Forsberg regarded the Barton House as socially inferior to the Martin House, intended for the upper-class Darwin family, and superior to the standalone servant housing and the main house's en-suite servant apartments.[13]

The house sits on the eastern end of an axis along which the estate's conservatory, stable, and gardener's cottage (from east to west) are also arranged. The estate's main house and pergola are located on a separate north–south axis running through the conservatory.[7] When the house was built, it was separated from the building to the north by 5 feet (1.5 m) at its narrowest point,[14] and the house's original lawn was on the south.[14][15] When an apartment building was built on the southern lawn, the lot to the north was acquired for use as a lawn.[15] The apartments adjoining the Barton and Martin houses were subsequently demolished in the 2000s.[16]

Exterior

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The house has a cruciform layout[17][18] and is two stories high.[19] The layout is formed by intersecting one- and two-story wings.[17][20] Its layout is similar to two of Wright's earlier designs: the J. J. Walser Jr. House, located in Chicago,[21][22] and the Home in the Prairie Town plan, which Wright had drawn up for Ladies' Home Journal magazine in 1901.[23] The Barton and Walser layouts were reused for Wright's later K. C. DeRhodes House in South Bend, Indiana, and the now-demolished Horner House on Sherwin Avenue in Chicago.[24][25] Including the wings, the building has a frontage of 50 feet (15 m), the same width as two standard land lots in the neighborhood.[14]

The exterior is clad in brick,[17][21] which extends to the windowsill level on the second story.[26] The house uses the same Roman brick as the rest of the estate, with deep joints.[21] There is a porch to the south,[14] and the entrance is on that elevation as well.[21] Visitors accessing the entrance turn right (east) toward a stoop, then left (north) toward toward the door.[17] The second floor has casement windows,[21] which wrap around the corners, allowing sunlight to illuminate the bedrooms on that floor.[26] Above these are deep eaves.[20][27]

The house has hip roofs on multiple levels, which overhang each other.[17] The roofs are made of flat red tiles, which were also used in the original conservatory and the main house.[21] A standalone brick wall links with the conservatory to the west.[19] Wright did not build a wall along Summit Avenue to the east, since he felt it would interrupt the esthetic consistency of the estate.[28]

Interior

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First and second story floor plans

The interior spans 4,400 square feet (410 m2),[7][29][a] with eight rooms inside.[19] Because the Barton House is simpler than the Martin House in plan, it was also easier to maintain.[7] A 1975 report found that many of the interior fixtures, such as glasswork, trim, lamps, and radiators, were still intact,[15] an account corroborated by The Globe and Mail in 1988.[27] The primary rooms of the house—the dining and living rooms on the first (ground) floor, and the bedrooms on the second floor—are within the taller two-story central section.[17] This was in common with the Walser House, which had its secondary rooms (the entrance foyer and kitchen) in the one-story wings.[31] The kitchen extends toward the northern side of the lot.[14]

The principal living spaces are concentrated in the central two-story portion of the house where the reception, living, and dining areas open into each other.[32][17] Where the wings intersect, rectangular piers at each corner divide the first floor into a large central space and two smaller flanking spaces. Interior furniture and design details such as a stair, panels, and fireplace are arranged around the piers.[26] Also on the first floor is a kitchen at the north end; a veranda extends from the reception hall to the south. The two main bedrooms are on the second story, flanking a narrow hall.[32][17]

History

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The Martin estate was commissioned by businessman Darwin D. Martin, who worked his way up into the senior management of the Larkin Company, a major soap manufacturer.[33][34][30] Martin's sister Delta Barton and her husband George moved to Buffalo in 1895 after George began working at the Larkin Company.[35] Delta and Darwin had been separated for several years after their mother had died, and as a result, they had formed a close relationship when they finally met each other again.[36] The Bartons initially lived a few blocks away from Martin, who lived on Summit Avenue in the Parkside East district.[36]

Development

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Barton House c. 1905
Barton House c. 1905

By the beginning of the 20th century, Martin's wife Isabelle was encouraging him to build a house befitting his wealth.[10] Following a recommendation of from brother William,[37] Martin wrote to architect Frank Lloyd Wright, asking him to design a house, and they first met to discuss the estate in November 1902.[38] The next month, Martin paid $14,000[I] for 1+1⁄3 acres (0.54 ha) at the intersection of Summit Avenue and Jewett Parkway,[40] just south of a house he already owned in Parkside East.[41] Wright drew a primitive sketch of the Martin estate in May 1903, which included the Martin and Barton house.[42][43] The estate was envisioned as a family compound, with houses for Martin and his sister Delta, as well as space where their siblings could potentially build extra houses if they wanted.[44] Wright historian Jack Quinan writes that the Bartons likely would not have been able to afford the house on their own, nor would they have been predisposed to hire Wright.[45] In any case, the Bartons' involvement in the design process was minimal, Martin being the main client.[36][46]

Martin wanted Wright to complete the Barton House first,[22][47][48] commissioning that house in March 1903, before the entire estate had been planned out.[49] Martin had asked Wright to design a house with a $4,000 budget.[II][36] The outcome of the Barton House's construction determined whether Wright would receive the Martin House commission;[50][51] writers retrospectively characterized the decision as a test of Martin and Wright's relationship.[30][48] The Barton House plan was based on the J. J. Walser Jr. House,[22] with several revisions that influenced the Martin estate's architecture.[50][52] For example, Wright added a porch facing the Martins' future house, and he substituted the Walser House's woodwork and shingles for brick walls and tiled roofs.[52] Oscar S. Lang, the estate's construction contractor, was hired to build the Barton House.[53] By August 1903, Martin wrote to Isabelle that the Barton House's cost estimate had increased to $10,000.[46]

Work on the Barton House began in late 1903.[42] Martin mediated several disputes that arose between Lang and Wright.[53] During the design process, the Martins objected to the presence of a porch on the southern wing of the Barton House, saying it would make the house too wide. In response, Wright told the Martins, "It seems to me that a house which is rather free in outline will do better [...] than would a more tightly compacted house."[14] Martin still sought to reduce the construction cost, suggesting that the Walser plan be substituted for a less expensive plan, to which Wright sent Martin an itemized list of expenses and said the house's cost estimate had declined to $7,616,[III] representing savings of about $2,000.[IV][54]

Usage

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Early and mid-20th century

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View from the east

The Barton House was completed in 1904;[2][52][b] its $12,000 final cost was thrice the original budget.[V][23] It had been the first building that Wright designed in a state on the US East Coast,[56][57] and Martin subsequently hired Wright for the Martin House and Larkin Administration Building.[55][58] Wright eventually designed about a dozen buildings for the Martins,[c] including two other houses: the Martin House and their 1920s summer home at Graycliff.[62] Delta and George Barton leased their house from Martin.[36][12] Foreign scholars who studied maps of the estate confused the Barton House for the servant's quarters, since the site was so nondescript.[63]

The Bartons and their daughter Laura moved into the house, living there for 25 years.[36] The three Bartons often ate with the Martins and their two children.[64] Laura moved to Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania, before George Barton died in 1928. and Delta moved to Laura's house upon George's death.[36] After Martin died in 1935, his widow Isabelle abandoned the estate shortly afterward.[65] The Barton House was still occupied during this time.[7] Some of the furniture was given to the Minneapolis Institute of Art.[56] The pergola, conservatory, and carriage house between the Martin and Barton houses were demolished and replaced with apartment buildings in the early 1960s.[63][66]

UB and MHRC use

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In 1967, the State University of New York's University at Buffalo (UB) purchased the Martin estate[5][67] for $60,100.[VI][68] Edgar Tafel restored both the Martin and Barton houses.[69] The renovation cost the New York government $27,681.[VII][68] After the restoration, the Martin House again became a single-family residence,[70] housing the university president, while the Barton House was given to UB's provost.[71] The university sold the Barton House in 1967.[5] By the 1970s, the house was owned by architect Eric Larrabee and his wife Eleanor,[72] who continued to live there in the next decade.[73][74] Eleanor Larrabee bought a dining table that could be folded or extended, similar in design to over a hundred tables that Wright ordered for many other house.[73] During that decade, the house's original dining room furniture sold for $594,000 in 1987,[VIII] briefly becoming the highest-priced Wright-designed furniture.[74][75]

When the Martin House Restoration Corporation (MHRC) began restoring the Martin estate in the early 1990s, Buffalo News publisher Stanford Lipsey partnered with M&T Bank and Rich Products to finance the renovation.[76][77] The three groups collectively donated $350,000 to purchase the Barton House in 1994, and the house was acquired that July.[IX][77] Although the Barton House had never been abandoned or extensively modified, as the rest of the estate had, it still needed some repairs.[55] The estate underwent restoration, including the Barton House, which had been renovated by the late 1990s.[78][79] The modifications included roof replacements.[48] By then, the house was open to the public for tours, albeit without furnishings on display.[80]

The MHRC had a shop in the Barton House by the 2000s.[81] The MHRC renovated the Barton House starting in September 2017,[82] requiring the building to be closed for 12 months.[83] The redesign, designed by HHL Architects,[55][84] included restoring decorative fixtures such as art glass, lighting, plasterwork, and woodwork, along with upgrading utility systems. In addition, the chimney and masonry work was repaired.[56][55] The renovation was finished in October 2018, having cost $2 million.[56][84][85] Afterward, the house was accessible through tours of the Martin estate, and it was also rented out for events.[56][57]

Reception

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In 1977, The New York Times architectural critic Ada Louise Huxtable wrote that the Barton House "has blossomed in sympathetic hands", contrasting with the Martin House's poor condition and the "mutilation" of the estate overall.[86] The Globe and Mail wrote in 1988 that "the roof appears to float" above the second-story windows,[27] and another writer for The New York Times, in 1998, called it a "subtly cruciform" structure.[87] In the 21st century, the magazine Robb Report wrote that the building remained one of the best-preserved Prairie School houses designed by Wright.[82] The writer Brendan Gill called it a "small and nearly perfect jewel", contrasting it with the Martins' main house, which he called "grand but gloomy".[46]

See also

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Notes

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Explanatory notes

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  1. ↑ One source gives a contradictory area of 2,200 square feet (200 m2) for the Barton House.[30]
  2. ↑ Some sources give a date of 1903;[55] however, 1904 was the move-in date.[52]
  3. ↑ Sources disagree on whether 11[59] or 15 were constructed.[60] Brendan Gill writes that nine major buildings were constructed for the Martins, including the Martin, Barton, and gardener's house at the Martin estate, but excluding the pergola, conservatory, or carriage house.[61]

Inflation figures

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  1. ↑ Equivalent to $409,000 in 2024[39]
  2. ↑ Equivalent to $112,000 in 2024[39]
  3. ↑ Equivalent to $213,000 in 2024[39]
  4. ↑ Equivalent to $56,000 in 2024[39]
  5. ↑ Equivalent to $327,000 in 2024[39]
  6. ↑ Equivalent to $430,000 in 2024[39]
  7. ↑ Equivalent to $198,000 in 2024[39]
  8. ↑ Equivalent to $1,403,000 in 2024[39]
  9. ↑ Equivalent to $0.67 million in 2024[39]

References

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  1. 1 2 "Cultural Resource Information System (CRIS)". New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation. November 7, 2014. Retrieved July 20, 2023.
  2. 1 2 Schrenk, Lisa D. (April 5, 2021). The Oak Park Studio of Frank Lloyd Wright. University of Chicago Press. p. 230. ISBN 978-0-226-31913-1.
  3. ↑ Nolan, Mary K. (July 31, 2003). "Wright Place, Wright Time; Famed architect's Buffalo "opus" still stands in a class by itself". The Spectator. p. D.01. ProQuest 270128409.
  4. ↑ Brazill, Linda. "Wright Out East; PBS Documentary Looks at Architect's Life, Work in Buffalo, N.Y.". Madison Capital Times. Vol. 12 Sep 2006. p. C1. ProQuest 395319194.
  5. 1 2 3 4 Martin House Reference Sheet, archived from the original on March 26, 2009, retrieved February 10, 2013
  6. ↑ Sanderson, Arlene, ed. (2001). A Guide to Frank Lloyd Wright Public Places: Wright Sites. Princeton Architectural Press. pp. 93–94. ISBN 978-1-56898-275-5. Retrieved January 20, 2025.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 Stephens, Suzanne (February 1, 2017). "Frank Lloyd Wright's Darwin D. Martin House Complex". Architectural Record. Retrieved June 15, 2026.
  8. ↑ "Complex Model". buffaloah.com.
  9. ↑ "Celebrating Frank Lloyd Wright". Buffalo AKG Art Museum. April 13, 2016. Retrieved June 12, 2026.
  10. 1 2 Macaluso, Tim Louis (June 21, 2006). "Saving Frank Lloyd Wright". CITY Magazine. Arts. Music. Culture. Retrieved June 11, 2026.
  11. ↑ Fear, Jon (April 25, 2009). "Visitor centre opens at Frank Lloyd Wright site in Buffalo". Waterloo Region Record. p. 70. Retrieved June 13, 2026 – via Newspapers.com.
  12. 1 2 Jackson-Forsberg 2008, p. 42.
  13. ↑ Jackson-Forsberg 2008, p. 36.
  14. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Quinan 2004, p. 61.
  15. 1 2 3 National Park Service 1975, p. 7.4.
  16. ↑ Buckham, Tom (March 29, 2006). "Apartments' razing benefits Martin House". The Buffalo News. pp. B1, B2. Retrieved June 20, 2026 – via Newspapers.com.
  17. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 McCarter 1997, p. 53.
  18. ↑ Apple, R. W. Jr. (August 28, 1998). "On the Road; Where a Sense of Place Is Still Cast in Stone". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved June 12, 2026.
  19. 1 2 3 Quinan 2004, p. 13.
  20. 1 2 National Park Service 1975, pp. 7.3, 7.4.
  21. 1 2 3 4 5 6 National Park Service 1975, p. 7.3.
  22. 1 2 3 Quinan 2004, pp. 55–56.
  23. 1 2 Quinan 2004, p. 75.
  24. ↑ McLaughlin, Katherine (March 12, 2025). "A Frank Lloyd Wright Home Lands on a List of the Most Endangered Historic Buildings". Architectural Digest. Archived from the original on March 22, 2025. Retrieved March 22, 2025.
  25. ↑ Bey, Lee (November 20, 2024). "Coming to the rescue of Walser House, Austin's Frank Lloyd Wright landmark". Chicago Sun-Times. Archived from the original on March 22, 2025. Retrieved March 22, 2025.
  26. 1 2 3 McCarter 1997, p. 54.
  27. 1 2 3 Fitzpatrick, Gerald W. (August 9, 1989). "Buffalo has place in architecture of visionary Frank Lloyd Wright". The Globe and Mail. p. 54. Retrieved June 20, 2026 – via Newspapers.com.
  28. ↑ Bayer & Steele 2015, p. 78.
  29. ↑ Litt, Steven (October 12, 2005). "Buffalo righting a sin of the past". The Plain Dealer. pp. E1, E8. Retrieved June 13, 2026 – via Newspapers.com.
  30. 1 2 3 LeBlanc, Dave (August 4, 2006). "The city of Buffalo shows it has the Wright stuff". The Globe and Mail. ISSN 0319-0714. ProQuest 2386259046.
  31. ↑ Quinan 2004, p. 58.
  32. 1 2 Banham, Reyner; Kowsky, Francis R. (1981). Buffalo Architecture. Buffalo Architectural Guidebook Corporation. pp. 195–197.
  33. ↑ Fiddler-Woite, Julianna; Scumaci, Mary Beth Paulin; Scumaci, Peter C. (2012). Western New York and the Gilded Age. Vintage Images. Arcadia Publishing. p. 15. ISBN 978-1-62584-235-0. Retrieved June 11, 2026.
  34. ↑ Secrest 1998, pp. 171–172.
  35. ↑ Quinan 2004, p. 43.
  36. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Quinan 2004, p. 55.
  37. ↑ Quinan 2004, pp. 27–29.
  38. ↑ Quinan 2004, p. 25.
  39. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Johnston, Louis; Williamson, Samuel H. (2023). "What Was the U.S. GDP Then?". MeasuringWorth. Retrieved November 30, 2023. United States Gross Domestic Product deflator figures follow the MeasuringWorth series.
  40. ↑ Bayer & Steele 2015, p. 26.
  41. ↑ Quinan 2004, p. 42.
  42. 1 2 Bayer & Steele 2015, pp. 28–29.
  43. ↑ Quinan 2004, p. 81.
  44. ↑ Quinan 2004, pp. 188–189.
  45. ↑ Quinan 2004, p. 23.
  46. 1 2 3 Gill 1987, p. 151.
  47. ↑ Woodward, Richard B. (May 25, 2009). "Architecture Buffalo Renaissance: The House Frank Lloyd Wright Built". The Globe and Mail. p. R6. ISSN 0319-0714. ProQuest 1411790246.
  48. 1 2 3 Williams, Deborah (March 31, 2002). "Private Homes in Buffalo Area Display Style". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. p. F-1. ISSN 2692-6903. ProQuest 392083744.
  49. ↑ Quinan 2004, p. 14.
  50. 1 2 Bayer & Steele 2015, p. 27.
  51. ↑ Quinan 2004, p. 54.
  52. 1 2 3 4 Quinan 2004, p. 72.
  53. 1 2 Quinan 2004, p. 56.
  54. ↑ Quinan 2004, pp. 65–67.
  55. 1 2 3 4 5 "A Piece of Frank Lloyd Wright's "Buffalo Venture" Completes a $2 Million Restoration". National Trust for Historic Preservation. October 18, 2018. Retrieved June 21, 2026.
  56. 1 2 3 4 5 Chouinard, Haley (October 4, 2018). "Frank Lloyd Wright's Barton House Opens to the Public". Galerie Magazine. Retrieved June 15, 2026.
  57. 1 2 "Barton House Completes $2 million Historic Restoration". Frank Lloyd Wright Foundation (Press release). October 10, 2018. Retrieved June 21, 2026.
  58. ↑ Quinan 2004, p. 51.
  59. ↑ Quinan 2004, p. 31.
  60. ↑ Gerfen, Katie (April 2009). "Martin House Visitor's Center and Restoration". Architect. Vol. 98, no. 4. p. 177. ProQuest 84126796.
  61. ↑ Gill 1987, p. 143.
  62. ↑ Continelli, Louise (August 12, 2001). "A most Natural House". The Buffalo News. p. 3. Retrieved June 21, 2026 – via Newspapers.com.
  63. 1 2 Gill 1987, pp. 150–151.
  64. ↑ Jackson-Forsberg 2008, p. 39.
  65. ↑ Tafel, Edgar (1985). Years with Frank Lloyd Wright: Apprentice to Genius. Dover Publications. pp. 92–93. ISBN 978-0-486-14433-7.
  66. ↑ Buckham, Tom (October 15, 2001). "Preservationists cheer razing of apartments at Martin House". The Buffalo News. pp. B1, B6. Retrieved June 20, 2026 – via Newspapers.com.
  67. ↑ Brady, Karen (April 5, 1976). "'Prairie House' Is Given New Life by Mrs. Ketter". The Buffalo News. p. 10. Retrieved June 18, 2026 – via Newspapers.com.
  68. 1 2 Sternberg, Matthew (October 28, 1996). "Buffalo's Architectural Treasure". The Spectrum. pp. 1, 8. Retrieved June 12, 2026.
  69. ↑ Reif, Rita (September 17, 1968). "Asking to Look Ringing the Bell, Wanting to Look". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved June 18, 2026.
  70. ↑ Quinan 2004, p. 219.
  71. ↑ "World: Restored Wright". The Architectural Review. Vol. 147, no. 876. February 1, 1970. p. 157. ProQuest 1366911873.
  72. ↑ Langdon, Philip (September 2, 1979). "The Man Who Wanted to Design a Style of Life". The Buffalo Evening News. pp. G1, G3. Retrieved June 19, 2026 – via Newspapers.com.
  73. 1 2 Voell, Paula (June 14, 1981). "How Do You Furnish a House Built by Frank Lloyd Wright?". The Buffalo News. p. 14. Retrieved June 19, 2026 – via Newspapers.com.
  74. 1 2 Foerstner, Abigail (November 15, 1987). "Wright or Wrong? The Battle to Keep Frank Lloyd Wright Interiors Intact". Chicago Tribune. pp. C1, C4. Retrieved June 19, 2026 – via Newspapers.com.
  75. ↑ Solis-Cohn, Lita (June 27, 1988). "Market still strong for Frank Lloyd Wright designs". Post-Bulletin. p. 29. Retrieved June 19, 2026 – via Newspapers.com.
  76. ↑ Katzman, Carol (November 13, 1998). "Where are they now?". The Jewish Press. p. 16. ProQuest 363149311.
  77. 1 2 Herko, Carl (July 10, 1994). "Firms purchase Barton House". The Buffalo News. pp. A1, A11. Retrieved June 12, 2026 – via Newspapers.com.
  78. ↑ "Unbuilt Frank Lloyd Wright work could rise on banks of Erie Canal". Stamford Advocate. Associated Press. July 17, 1998. p. 32. Retrieved June 20, 2026 – via Newspapers.com.
  79. ↑ Miller, Donald (September 19, 1998). "Frank Lloyd Wright Hideaway Opens Doors Near Buffalo". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. pp. D1, D4. Retrieved June 20, 2026 – via Newspapers.com.
  80. ↑ Snook, Debbi (July 24, 1998). "In footprints of two arts giants". The Plain Dealer. pp. 1F, 2F. Retrieved June 20, 2026 – via Newspapers.com.
  81. ↑ Lowry, Patricia (November 19, 2006). "Restoring a Wright". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. pp. F1, F4. ProQuest 390706436. Retrieved June 13, 2026 – via Newspapers.com.
  82. 1 2 Bell, Rebekah (October 1, 2018). "Tour a Restored Frank Lloyd Wright Home in Buffalo". Robb Report. Retrieved June 21, 2026.
  83. ↑ "Following a $2-million dollar and 12 month historic restoration, Frank Lloyd Wright's Barton House is ready to welcome visitors". Buffalo Rising. October 2, 2018. Retrieved June 15, 2026.
  84. 1 2 Sommer, Mark (October 3, 2018). "Frank Lloyd Wright's Barton House restoration completed". The Buffalo News. p. 33. Retrieved June 21, 2026 – via Newspapers.com.
  85. ↑ Christie, Maura (October 29, 2018). "Host a Party at Frank Llyod Wright's Masterpiece". Spectrum News. Retrieved June 15, 2026.
  86. ↑ Huxtable, Ada Louise (October 2, 1977). "Architecture View: Good News and Bad News From Buffalo Architecture View". The New York Times. p. D5. ISSN 0362-4331. ProQuest 123171346.
  87. ↑ Apple, R. W. Jr (August 28, 1998). "On the Road; Where a Sense of Place Is Still Cast in Stone". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved June 20, 2026.

Sources

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