Lois Frankel

Lois Frankel (Democratic Party) is a member of the U.S. House, representing Florida's 22nd Congressional District. She assumed office on January 3, 2023. Her current term ends on January 3, 2027.

Frankel (Democratic Party) is running for re-election to the U.S. House to represent Florida's 23rd Congressional District. She is on the ballot in the Democratic primary on August 18, 2026.^[source]

Biography

Lois Frankel was born in New York, New York, in 1948.^[1] She earned a bachelor's degree in psychology from Boston University in 1970 and a J.D. from Georgetown University in 1973.^[2] Frankel's career experience includes working as a lawyer. She previously served in the Florida House of Representatives from 1986 to 1992 and 1994 to 2002, serving as minority leader from 2000 to 2002, and as the mayor of West Palm Beach from 2003 to 2011.^[1]

Committee assignments

U.S. House

2025-2026

Frankel was assigned to the following committees:^[Source]

2023-2024

Frankel was assigned to the following committees:^[Source]

2021-2022

Frankel was assigned to the following committees:^[Source]

2017-2018

At the beginning of the 115th Congress, Frankel was assigned to the following committees:^[3]

2015-2016

Frankel served on the following committees:^[4]

2013-2014

Frankel served on the following committees:^[5]^[6]

Committee on Foreign Affairs
- Subcommittee on Middle East and North Africa
Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure
- Subcommittee on Coast Guard and Maritime Transportation
- Subcommittee on Highways and Transit
- Subcommittee on Water Resources and Environment

Elections

2026

Florida's 23rd Congressional District election, 2026 (August 18 Democratic primary)

Florida's 23rd Congressional District election, 2026 (August 18 Republican primary)

General election

The primary will occur on August 18, 2026. The general election will occur on November 3, 2026. General election candidates will be added here following the primary.

Democratic primary

Democratic primary for U.S. House Florida District 23

Incumbent Lois Frankel (D), Victoria Doyle (D), and Mark Piper (D) are running in the Democratic primary for U.S. House Florida District 23 on August 18, 2026.

		Candidate
		Lois Frankel
		Victoria Doyle
	Submit photo	Mark Piper

	Incumbents are bolded and underlined.
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Republican primary

Republican primary for U.S. House Florida District 23

Deborah Adeimy (R), Paola Branda (R), and Jared Gurfein (R) are running in the Republican primary for U.S. House Florida District 23 on August 18, 2026.

		Candidate
		Deborah Adeimy
		Paola Branda
	Submit photo	Jared Gurfein

	There are no incumbents in this race.
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Withdrawn or disqualified candidates

Endorsements

Frankel received the following endorsements. To send us additional endorsements, click here.

2024

Florida's 22nd Congressional District election, 2024 (August 20 Republican primary)

Florida's 22nd Congressional District election, 2024 (August 20 Democratic primary)

General election

General election for U.S. House Florida District 22

Incumbent Lois Frankel defeated Dan Franzese in the general election for U.S. House Florida District 22 on November 5, 2024.

	Candidate	%	Votes
✔	Lois Frankel (D)	55.0	201,608
	Dan Franzese (R)	45.0	165,248

	Incumbents are bolded and underlined. The results have been certified. Source	Total votes: 366,856
= candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey.
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Democratic primary election

The Democratic primary election was canceled. Incumbent Lois Frankel advanced from the Democratic primary for U.S. House Florida District 22.

Withdrawn or disqualified candidates

Dean Halper (D)

Republican primary election

Republican primary for U.S. House Florida District 22

Dan Franzese defeated Andrew Gutmann and Deborah Adeimy in the Republican primary for U.S. House Florida District 22 on August 20, 2024.

	Candidate	%	Votes
✔	Dan Franzese	52.5	16,666
	Andrew Gutmann	25.3	8,036
	Deborah Adeimy	22.2	7,038

	There were no incumbents in this race. The results have been certified. Source	Total votes: 31,740
= candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey.
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Withdrawn or disqualified candidates

D.B. Fugate (R)
Paola Branda (R)

Endorsements

Ballotpedia did not identify endorsements for Frankel in this election.

2022

General election

General election for U.S. House Florida District 22

Incumbent Lois Frankel defeated Dan Franzese in the general election for U.S. House Florida District 22 on November 8, 2022.

	Candidate	%	Votes
✔	Lois Frankel (D)	55.1	150,010
	Dan Franzese (R)	44.9	122,194

	Incumbents are bolded and underlined. The results have been certified. Source	Total votes: 272,204
= candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey.
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Withdrawn or disqualified candidates

Michael Bianchi (No Party Affiliation)

Democratic primary election

The Democratic primary election was canceled. Incumbent Lois Frankel advanced from the Democratic primary for U.S. House Florida District 22.

Withdrawn or disqualified candidates

Curtis Calabrese (D)

Republican primary election

Republican primary for U.S. House Florida District 22

Dan Franzese defeated Deborah Adeimy, Rod Dorilas, Peter Arianas, and Carrie Lawlor in the Republican primary for U.S. House Florida District 22 on August 23, 2022.

	Candidate	%	Votes
✔	Dan Franzese	34.7	11,972
	Deborah Adeimy	34.3	11,842
	Rod Dorilas	19.1	6,594
	Peter Arianas	6.0	2,082
	Carrie Lawlor	5.9	2,055

	There were no incumbents in this race. The results have been certified. Source	Total votes: 34,545
= candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey.
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Withdrawn or disqualified candidates

D.B. Fugate (R)

2020

Florida's 21st Congressional District election, 2020 (August 18 Republican primary)

Florida's 21st Congressional District election, 2020 (August 18 Democratic primary)

General election

General election for U.S. House Florida District 21

Incumbent Lois Frankel defeated Laura Loomer, Charleston Malkemus, Sylvia Caravetta, and Piotr Blass in the general election for U.S. House Florida District 21 on November 3, 2020.

		Candidate	%	Votes
✔		Lois Frankel (D)	59.0	237,925
		Laura Loomer (R)	39.1	157,612
		Charleston Malkemus (No Party Affiliation)	1.9	7,544
	Submit photo	Sylvia Caravetta (No Party Affiliation) (Write-in)	0.0	8
		Piotr Blass (R) (Write-in)	0.0	4

	Incumbents are bolded and underlined. The results have been certified. Source	Total votes: 403,093
= candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey.
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Withdrawn or disqualified candidates

Stephen Canton (Independent)

Democratic primary election

Democratic primary for U.S. House Florida District 21

Incumbent Lois Frankel defeated Guido Weiss in the Democratic primary for U.S. House Florida District 21 on August 18, 2020.

	Candidate	%	Votes
✔	Lois Frankel	86.0	75,504
	Guido Weiss	14.0	12,308

	Incumbents are bolded and underlined. The results have been certified. Source 1 Source 2	Total votes: 87,812
= candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey.
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Withdrawn or disqualified candidates

Adam Aarons (D)

Republican primary election

Republican primary for U.S. House Florida District 21

The following candidates ran in the Republican primary for U.S. House Florida District 21 on August 18, 2020.

		Candidate	%	Votes
✔		Laura Loomer	42.5	14,526
		Christian Acosta	25.5	8,724
		Michael Vilardi	12.3	4,194
	Submit photo	Aaron Scanlan	9.4	3,221
		Elizabeth Felton	7.1	2,421
		Reba Sherrill	3.1	1,070

	There were no incumbents in this race. The results have been certified. Source 1 Source 2	Total votes: 34,156
= candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey.
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Withdrawn or disqualified candidates

Michael Bluemling Jr. (R)
Victor Garcia da Rosa (R)

2018

See also: Florida's 21st Congressional District election, 2018

General election

General election for U.S. House Florida District 21

Incumbent Lois Frankel won election in the general election for U.S. House Florida District 21 on November 6, 2018.

		Candidate
✔		Lois Frankel (D)

	Incumbents are bolded and underlined. The results have been certified. Source
= candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey.
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Democratic primary election

Democratic primary for U.S. House Florida District 21

Incumbent Lois Frankel advanced from the Democratic primary for U.S. House Florida District 21 on August 28, 2018.

		Candidate
✔		Lois Frankel

	Incumbents are bolded and underlined. The results have been certified.
= candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey.
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Republican primary election

No Republican candidates ran in the primary.

Withdrawn or disqualified candidates

Kurt Jetta (R)

2016

See also: Florida's 21st Congressional District election, 2016

Heading into the election, Ballotpedia rated this race as safely Democratic. District 22 incumbent Lois Frankel (D) defeated Paul Spain (R) and Michael Trout (I) in the general election on November 8, 2016. No candidate faced a primary opponent in August.^[7]^[8]

**U.S. House, Florida District 21 General Election, 2016**
Party		Candidate	Vote %	Votes
	Democratic	Lois Frankel Incumbent	62.7%	210,606
	Republican	Paul Spain	35.1%	118,038
	Independent	Michael Trout	2.1%	7,217
Total Votes				335,861
Source: Florida Division of Elections

2014

See also: Florida's 22nd Congressional District elections, 2014

Frankel won re-election to the U.S. House in 2014. She ran unopposed for the Democratic nomination in the primary election. She then defeated Paul Spain (R) in the general election on November 4, 2014.^[9]

**U.S. House, Florida District 22 General Election, 2014**
Party		Candidate	Vote %	Votes
	Democratic	Lois Frankel Incumbent	58%	125,404
	Republican	Paul Spain	42%	90,685
	Write-in	Raymond Schamis	0%	7
Total Votes				216,096
Source: Florida Division of Elections

2012

See also: Florida's 22nd Congressional District elections, 2012

Frankel ran in the 2012 election for the U.S. House to represent Florida's 22nd District. Frankel won the nomination on the Democratic ticket.^[10] The signature filing deadline was June 8, 2012, with the primary taking place on August 14, 2012. Frankel defeated Kristin Jacobs in the Democratic primary on August 14, 2012.^[11] She was elected on November 6, 2012.^[12]

Politico listed the 22nd District race between Frankel and Patrick Murphy as one of the five primaries to watch in 2012.^[13] However, Patrick Murphy decided to run in the 18th District rather than the 22nd District.

**U.S. House, Florida District 22 General Election, 2012**
Party		Candidate	Vote %	Votes
	Democratic	Lois Frankel	54.6%	171,021
	Republican	Adam Hasner	45.4%	142,050
Total Votes				313,071
Source: Florida Secretary of State "Official Election Results, 2012 General Election"

**U.S. House, Florida District 22 Democratic Primary, 2012**
Candidate	Vote %	Votes
Lois Frankel	61.4%	18,431
Kristin Jacobs	38.6%	11,600
Total Votes		30,031

Campaign themes

2026

Ballotpedia survey responses

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You can ask Lois Frankel to fill out this survey by using the buttons below or emailing info@loisfrankelforcongress.com.

2016

The following issues were listed on Frankel's campaign website. For a full list of campaign themes, click here.

“

Jobs and the Economy: As long as Congress isn’t working, too many people across America and Florida won’t be working. No one understands that better, and is able to change that, than Lois Frankel. As a mayor who worked tirelessly to revitalize the local economy, Lois knows that creating jobs starts in our communities and that small businesses need to be at the forefront of job creation efforts.

Women and Families: Lois has never wavered in her belief that a woman must have the right to make choices about her body without the involvement of government officials. She is a life-long supporter of women’s reproductive rights. Lois is a committed supporter of Roe v. Wade and believes that access to effective birth control and emergency contraception should be guaranteed for all women.

Social Security : Here in South Florida, many of our neighbors and relatives rely on Social Security and Medicare. Our seniors have spent their entire lives contributing to these programs and they deserve to know that Social Security and Medicare will be there for them when they retire. Lois will fight to protect these programs for current and future generations and will resist any efforts to cut benefits.

Veterans: As the mother of an Iraq and Afghanistan War veteran, Lois knows the struggle that veterans returning home can face. It isn’t just the struggle of finding a job; it is a lifelong fight to get the basic services that were promised.

Education: A good education is critical in preparing our children for the future and developing a strong and robust economy. Lois has always been a strong voice for improving our schools, from supporting good teachers, to making sure class sizes are manageable, to giving parents a greater role in their child’s education.

^[14]

”

—Lois Frankel's campaign website, http://www.loisfrankelforcongress.com/issues/

2012

Frankel's major campaign themes included:^[15]

Jobs and the Economy: Excerpt: "Investing in infrastructure and technology to modernize the economy and create jobs. We should not accept a second rate infrastructure in the United States. Promoting green technologies to keep us on the cutting edge of new developments in one of the fastest growing fields."

Women and Families: Excerpt: "Frankel will stand strong against anyone who attacks these basic rights and essencial programs. That’s why Lois is endorsed by Emily’s List, the National Organization for Women, the Women’s Campaign Fund, as well as other organizations dedicated to women’s rights."

Social Security and Medicare: Excerpt: "Making these programs solvent for the long term is vital to their continued survival. We need to focus on combating waste, fraud and abuse from people trying to make money off these precious programs."

Veterans: Except: "Frankel is committed to ensuring that the promises made to our nation’s veterans are kept. From job training and career development upon returning to the civilian work force, to VA funding and the recognition that Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is an issue that needs to be confronted, Frankel will be an advocate for veterans and their needs."

Education: Except: "Frankel is committed to ensuring that college education remains within reach for middle class families. Those who cut college tuition aid, while defending tax loopholes for oil companies, have their priorities backward. We must also focus on vocational and job training programs. This is vital to retraining workers with skills that are required to meet the 21st century’s job market."

Healthcare: Except: "Frankel believes that access to good quality affordable health care is essential for all Americans. She will work to keep these important provisions in law and improve current reform."

Israel: Except: "Frankel will work in a bi-partisan manner to fight any and all attempts to delegitimize Israel in the international arena and to ensure the safety and security of the Jewish state of Israel."

Campaign finance summary

Note: The finance data shown here comes from the disclosures required of candidates and parties. Depending on the election or state, this may represent only a portion of all the funds spent on their behalf. Satellite spending groups may or may not have expended funds related to the candidate or politician on whose page you are reading this disclaimer. Campaign finance data from elections may be incomplete. For elections to federal offices, complete data can be found at the FEC website. Click here for more on federal campaign finance law and here for more on state campaign finance law.

Lois Frankel campaign contribution history
Year	Office	Status	Contributions	Expenditures
2026*	U.S. House Florida District 23	On the Ballot primary	$1,855,772	$678,246
2024	U.S. House Florida District 22	Won general	$1,887,170	$2,245,556
2022	U.S. House Florida District 22	Won general	$1,275,269	$1,821,734
2020	U.S. House Florida District 21	Won general	$1,556,089	$1,330,993
2018	U.S. House Florida District 21	Won general	$983,334	$828,326
2016	U.S. House, Florida District 21	Won	$1,631,074	N/A**
2014	U.S. House (Florida, District 22)	Won	$1,383,775	N/A**
2012	U.S. House (Florida, District 22)	Won	$3,453,915	N/A**
** Data on expenditures is not available for this election cycle
Note: Totals above reflect only available data.

Notable endorsements

See also: Ballotpedia: Our approach to covering endorsements

This section displays endorsements this individual made in elections within Ballotpedia's coverage scope.

Notable candidate endorsements by Lois Frankel
Endorsee	Election	Stage	Outcome
Emily Gregory ^source (D)	Florida House of Representatives District 87 (2026)	General	Won General
Robin Peguero ^source (D)	U.S. House Florida District 27 (2026)	General	–
Angie Craig ^source (D)	U.S. Senate Minnesota (2026)	Primary	–
Kamala D. Harris ^source (D, Working Families Party)	President of the United States (2024)	Primary	Lost General
Joanna Weiss ^source (D)	U.S. House California District 47 (2024)	Primary	Lost Primary
Whitney Fox ^source (D)	U.S. House Florida District 13 (2024)	Primary	Lost General
Debbie Mucarsel-Powell ^source (D)	U.S. Senate Florida (2024)	Primary	Lost General
Sabina Matos ^source (D)	U.S. House Rhode Island District 1 (2023)	Primary	Lost Primary
Haley Stevens ^source (D)	U.S. House Michigan District 11 (2022)	Primary	Won General
Joe Biden ^source (D, Working Families Party)	President of the United States (2020)	Primary	Won General
Hillary Clinton ^source (D)	President of the United States (2016)	Primary	Lost General

Personal finance disclosures

Members of the House are required to file financial disclosure reports. You can search disclosure reports on the House’s official website here.

Analysis

Below are links to scores and rankings Ballotpedia compiled for members of Congress. We chose analyses that help readers understand how each individual legislator fit into the context of the chamber as a whole in terms of ideology, bill advancement, bipartisanship, and more.

If you would like to suggest an analysis for inclusion in this section, please email editor@ballotpedia.org.

119th Congress (2025-2027)

Rankings and scores for the 119th Congress

118th Congress (2023-2025)

Rankings and scores for the 118th Congress

117th Congress (2021-2023)

Rankings and scores for the 117th Congress

116th Congress (2019-2021)

Rankings and scores for the 116th Congress

Voting alignment with the president

Analysis of percentage of votes that aligned with the president's positions

GovTrack Ideology scores

Ideological scores for members of Congress based on patterns of co-sponsorship

Center for Effective Lawmaking scores

Effectiveness scores based on bills sponsored, actions taken on sponsored bills, and substantiveness of bills

Lugar - McCourt Bipartisan Index

Bipartisan rankings based on cross-party bill co-sponsorship

115th Congress (2017-2019)

Rankings and scores for the 115th Congress

Voting alignment with the president

Analysis of percentage of votes that aligned with the president's positions

GovTrack Ideology scores

Ideological scores for members of Congress based on patterns of co-sponsorship

Center for Effective Lawmaking scores

Effectiveness scores based on bills sponsored, actions taken on sponsored bills, and substantiveness of bills

Lugar - McCourt Bipartisan Index

Bipartisan rankings based on cross-party bill co-sponsorship

114th Congress (2015-2017)

Rankings and scores for the 114th Congress

GovTrack Ideology scores

Ideological scores for members of Congress based on patterns of co-sponsorship

Center for Effective Lawmaking scores

Effectiveness scores based on bills sponsored, actions taken on sponsored bills, and substantiveness of bills

Lugar - McCourt Bipartisan Index

Bipartisan rankings based on cross-party bill co-sponsorship

Open Congress' "Votes most/least often with" and "Voting with party"

List of members of Congress this legislator voted most and least often with and percentage of votes aligned with their party

113th Congress (2013-2015)

Rankings and scores for the 113th Congress

GovTrack Ideology scores

Ideological scores for members of Congress based on patterns of co-sponsorship

Center for Effective Lawmaking scores

Effectiveness scores based on bills sponsored, actions taken on sponsored bills, and substantiveness of bills

Lugar - McCourt Bipartisan Index

Bipartisan rankings based on cross-party bill co-sponsorship

Open Congress' "Votes most/least often with" list and "Voting with party" percentage

List of members of Congress this legislator voted most and least often with and percentage of votes aligned with their party

National Journal vote ratings

Ideological scores based on members' voting record

Noteworthy events

American response in Syria

See also: United States involvement in Syria

Frankel released a statement on the situation in Syria on August 27, 2013:^[16]

“The situation in Syria is an unimaginable tragedy. The cruelty of chemical weapons attacks is one more extraordinary deplorable aspect in a conflict that has taken over 100,000 Syrian lives. For the United States, there are no good options. While I do not support troops on the ground in Syria, we must continue to support the most vulnerable victims of the conflict through sustained humanitarian assistance. As we determine the most strategic option moving forward we should work with our international allies to ensure that any direct engagement has a clearly defined purpose and be cognizant of potential negative consequences.”

Key votes

See also: Key votes

Ballotpedia monitors legislation that receives a vote and highlights the ones that we consider to be key to understanding where elected officials stand on the issues. To read more about how we identify key votes, click here.

Key votes: 119th Congress, 2025

The 119th United States Congress began on January 3, 2025 and will conclude on January 3, 2027. At the start of the session, Republicans held the majority in the U.S. House of Representatives (219-215), and Republicans held the majority in the U.S. Senate (52-45). Joe Biden (D) was the president and Kamala Harris (D) was the vice president. We identified the key votes below using Congress' top-viewed bills list and through marquee coverage of certain votes on Ballotpedia.

Key votes: 119th Congress, 2025

Vote

Bill and description

Status

Nay

An act to provide for reconciliation pursuant to title II of H. Con. Res. 14.

An Act to provide for reconciliation pursuant to title II of H. Con. Res. 14 (H.R.1) was a reconciliation bill passed by the 119th Congress and signed into law by President Donald Trump (R) on 7/4/2025, which provided funding for various federal programs, increased the statutory debt limit, and addressed tax policy. It was also known as the One Big Beautiful Bill Act. The bill required a simple majority vote to pass in the House, as amended by the Senate, and Vice President J.D. Vance (R) cast a tie-breaking vote in favor of passage in the Senate.^[17]

Passed (218-214)^[18]

Nay

SAVE Act

The Safeguard American Voter Eligibility Act, or the SAVE Act (H.R. 22), was a bill passed by the House of Representatives on 4/10/2025 that required individuals to provide documentary proof of citizenship when registering to vote in federal elections. The bill required a simple majority vote in the House.^[19]

Passed (220-208)^[20]

Nay

Establishing the congressional budget for the United States Government for fiscal year 2025 and setting forth the appropriate budgetary levels for fiscal years 2026 through 2034.

Establishing the congressional budget for the United States Government for fiscal year 2025 and setting forth the appropriate budgetary levels for fiscal years 2026 through 2034 (H.Con.Res.14) was a resolution agreed to by the House of Representatives on 4/10/2025, which established the congressional budget for the federal government for fiscal year 2025 and budgetary levels for fiscal years 2026 through 2034 and provided reconciliation instructions for legislation to increase the statutory debt limit. The resolution was one of the budget resolutions proposed during the 2025 reconciliation process and required a simple majority vote to pass in the House, as amended by the Senate.^[21]

Passed (216-214)^[22]

Nay

Continuing Appropriations, Agriculture, Legislative Branch, Military Construction and Veterans Affairs, and Extensions Act, 2026

The Continuing Appropriations, Agriculture, Legislative Branch, Military Construction and Veterans Affairs, and Extensions Act, 2026 (H.R.5371) was a bill passed by the 119th Congress and signed into law by President Donald Trump (R) on 11/12/2025, which ended the government shutdown that began on 10/1/2025 by appropriating funds for federal agencies through 1/30/2026 and providing appropriations for certain programs through the end of fiscal year 2026. The bill required a simple majority vote to pass in the House, as amended by the Senate.^[23]

Passed (222-209)^[24]

Nay

Full-Year Continuing Appropriations and Extensions Act, 2025

The Full-Year Continuing Appropriations and Extensions Act, 2025 (H.R.1968) was a bill passed by the 119th Congress and signed into law by President Donald Trump (R) on 3/15/2025, which provided appropriations for federal agencies for the fiscal year 2025 and extended various expiring authorities and programs. The bill required a simple majority vote in the House.^[25]

Passed (217-213)^[26]

Yea

GENIUS Act

The GENIUS Act (S.1582) was a bill passed by the 119th Congress and signed into law by President Donald Trump (R) on 7/18/2025, which created a regulatory framework for payment stablecoins, digital assets with a fixed redeemable value. The bill required a simple majority vote in the House.^[27]

Passed (308-122)^[28]

Yea

Epstein Files Transparency Act

The Epstein Files Transparency Act (H.R.4405) was a bill passed by the 119th Congress and signed into law by President Donald Trump (R) on 11/19/2025, which required the Department of Justice to publish all unclassified records, documents, communications, and investigative materials related to Jeffrey Epstein's investigation and prosecution in a searchable format. The bill required a simple majority vote in the House.^[29]

Passed (427-1)^[30]

Nay

Laken Riley Act

The Laken Riley Act (S.5) was a bill passed by the 119th Congress and signed into law by President Donald Trump (R) on 1/29/2025, which required the Department of Homeland Security to detain certain individuals residing in the United States without legal permission who have been arrested for burglary, theft, larceny, or shoplifting and authorized states to sue the federal government for alleged failures related to immigration enforcement. The bill required a simple majority vote in the House.^[31]

Passed (263-156)^[32]

Nay

NORRA of 2025

The No Rogue Rulings Act, or NORRA of 2025 (H.R.1526), was a bill passed by the House of Representatives on 4/9/2025 that would limit the authority of federal district courts to issue injunctions, allowing them to issue injunctions that apply only to the parties in the case before the court. The bill required a simple majority vote in the House.^[33]

Passed (219-213)^[34]

Not Voting

Jeremy and Angel Seay and Sergeant Brandon Mendoza Protect Our Communities from DUIs Act of 2025

The Jeremy and Angel Seay and Sergeant Brandon Mendoza Protect Our Communities from DUIs Act of 2025 (H.R.875) was a bill passed by the House of Representatives on 6/26/2025 that would make driving while impaired or intoxicated grounds for barring an individual residing in the United States without legal permission from admission into the country or for deportation of the individual. The bill required a simple majority vote in the House.^[35]

Passed (246-160)^[36]

Nay

Protection of Women and Girls in Sports Act of 2025

The Protection of Women and Girls in Sports Act of 2025 (H.R. 28) was a bill passed by the House of Representatives on 1/14/2025 that would prohibit school athletic programs from allowing individuals whose sex was male to participate in programs for women or girls.^[37]

Passed (218-206)^[38]

Key votes: Previous sessions of Congress

Key votes: 118th Congress, 2023-2025

The 118th United States Congress began on January 3, 2023, and ended on January 3, 2025. At the start of the session, Republicans held the majority in the U.S. House of Representatives (222-212), and Democrats held the majority in the U.S. Senate (51-49). Joe Biden (D) was the president and Kamala Harris (D) was the vice president. We identified the key votes below using Congress' top-viewed bills list and through marquee coverage of certain votes on Ballotpedia.

Key votes: 118th Congress, 2023-2025

Vote

Bill and description

Status

Yea

National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2024

The National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2024 (H.R. 2670) was a bill passed by the 118th Congress and signed into law by President Joe Biden (D) on December 22, 2023, authorizing Department of Defense activities and programs for fiscal year 2024. The bill required a two-thirds majority vote in the House to pass the bill as amended by a Senate and House conference report.^[39]

Passed (310-118)^[40]

Nay

To terminate the requirement imposed by the Director of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention for proof of COVID-19 vaccination for foreign travelers, and for other purposes.

H.R. 185 (To terminate the requirement imposed by the Director of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention for proof of COVID-19 vaccination for foreign travelers, and for other purposes.) was a bill approved by the House of Representatives that sought to nullify a Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) order restricting the entry of foreign citizens to the United States unless the individual was vaccinated against the coronavirus or attested they would take public health measures to prevent the spread of the coronavirus. The bill required a simple majority vote in the House.^[41]

Passed (227-201)^[42]

Nay

Limit, Save, Grow Act of 2023

The Limit, Save, Grow Act of 2023 (H.R. 2811) was a bill approved by the House of Representatives that sought to raise the federal debt limit before a June 5, 2023, deadline. The bill also sought to repeal certain green energy tax credits, increase domestic natural gas and oil production, expand work requirements for the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) and Temporary Assistance to Needy Families (TANF) program, and nullify President Joe Biden's (D) proposed student loan debt cancellation program. This bill was not taken up in the Senate, and the debt limit was instead raised through the Fiscal Responsibility Act of 2023. This bill required a simple majority vote in the House.^[43]

Passed (217-215)^[44]

Yea

Denouncing the horrors of socialism.

H.Con.Res. 9 (Denouncing the horrors of socialism.) was a resolution approved by the House of Representatives denouncing socialism and opposing the implementation of socialist policies in the United States. The resolution required a simple majority vote in the House.^[45]

Passed (328-86)^[46]

Nay

Lower Energy Costs Act

The Lower Energy Costs Act (H.R. 1) was a bill approved by the House of Representatives that sought to increase domestic energy production and exports by increasing the production of oil, natural gas, and coal, reducing permitting restrictions for pipelines, refineries, and other energy projects, and increase the production of minerals used in electronics, among other energy production-related policies. The bill required a simple majority vote in the House.^[47]

Passed (225-204)^[48]

Nay

Providing for congressional disapproval under chapter 8 of title 5, United States Code, of the rule submitted by the Department of Labor relating to "Prudence and Loyalty in Selecting Plan Investments and Exercising Shareholder Rights".

H.J.Res. 30 (Providing for congressional disapproval under chapter 8 of title 5, United States Code, of the rule submitted by the Department of Labor relating to "Prudence and Loyalty in Selecting Plan Investments and Exercising Shareholder Rights".) was a joint resolution of disapproval under the terms of the Congressional Review Act (CRA) passed by the 118th Congress and vetoed by President Joe Biden (D) on March 20, 2023. This was Biden's first veto of his presidency. The resolution sought to nullify a Department of Labor rule that amended the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 (ERISA) to allow retirement plans to consider certain environmental, social, and corporate governance (ESG) factors in investment-related decisions. The resolution required a simple majority vote in the House.^[49] Click here to read more.

Passed (219-200)^[50]

Nay

Relating to a national emergency declared by the President on March 13, 2020.

H.J.Res. 7 (Relating to a national emergency declared by the President on March 13, 2020.) was a joint resolution of disapproval under the terms of the Congressional Review Act (CRA) passed by the 118th Congress and signed into law by President Joe Biden (D) on April 10, 2023. The resolution ended the national coronavirus state of emergency, which began on March 13, 2020. The resolution required a simple majority vote in the House.^[51] Click here to read more.

Passed (229-197)^[52]

Yea

Fiscal Responsibility Act of 2023

The Fiscal Responsibility Act of 2023 (H.R. 3746) was a bill passed by the 118th Congress and signed into law by President Joe Biden (D) on June 3, 2023. The bill raised the federal debt limit until January 2025. The bill also capped non-defense spending in fiscal year 2024, rescinded unspent coronavirus relief funding, rescinded some Internal Revenue Service (IRS) funding, enhanced work requirements for the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) and the Temporary Assistance to Needy Families program (TANF), simplified environmental reviews for energy projects, and ended the student loan debt repayment pause in August 2023. The bill required a simple majority vote in the House.^[53] Click here to read more.

Passed (314-117)^[54]

Rep. Hakeem Jeffries (D-N.Y.)

Speaker of the House election (January 2023) - 15th vote

In January 2023, the House of Representatives held its regular election for Speaker of the House at the start of the 118th Congress. Voting began on January 3, and ended on January 7. Rep. Kevin McCarthy (R-Calif.) was elected speaker of the House in a 216-212 vote during the 15th round of voting. In order to elect a Speaker of the House, a majority of votes cast for a person by name was required.^[55] Click here to read more.

Rep. Kevin McCarthy (R-Calif.) (216-212)

Yea

Declaring the office of Speaker of the House of Representatives to be vacant.

H.Res. 757 (Declaring the office of Speaker of the House of Representatives to be vacant.) was a resolution passed by the House of Representatives that removed Rep. Kevin McCarthy (R-Calif.) from his position as Speaker of the House. The resolution required a simple majority vote in the House.^[56] Click here to read more.

Passed (216-210)^[57]

Rep. Hakeem Jeffries (D-N.Y.)

Speaker of the House election (October 2023) - 4th vote

In October 2023, following Rep. Kevin McCarthy's (R-Calif.) removal as Speaker of the House, the House of Representatives held another election for the position. Voting began on October 17 and ended on October 25. Rep. Mike Johnson (R-La.) was elected Speaker of the House in a 220-209 vote in the fourth round of voting. In order to elect a Speaker of the House, a majority of votes cast for a person by name was required.^[58] Click here to read more.

Rep. Mike Johnson (R-La.) (220-209)

Nay

Directing certain committees to continue their ongoing investigations as part of the existing House of Representatives inquiry into whether sufficient grounds exist for the House of Representatives to exercise its Constitutional power to impeach Joseph Biden, President of the United States of America, and for other purposes.

H.Res. 918 (Directing certain committees to continue their ongoing investigations as part of the existing House of Representatives inquiry into whether sufficient grounds exist for the House of Representatives to exercise its Constitutional power to impeach Joseph Biden, President of the United States of America, and for other purposes.) was a resolution passed by the House of Representatives that formally authorized an impeachment inquiry into President Joe Biden (D). The inquiry focused on allegations that Biden used his influence as vice president from 2009 to 2017 to improperly profit from his son Hunter Biden's business dealings. The resolution required a simple majority vote in the House.^[59] Click here to read more.

Passed (221-212)^[60]

Yea

Providing for the expulsion of Representative George Santos from the United States House of Representatives.

H.Res. 878 (Providing for the expulsion of Representative George Santos from the United States House of Representatives.) was a resolution passed by the House of Representatives that removed Rep. George Santos (R-N.Y.) from office following a House Ethics Committee investigation that determined there was substantial evidence that Santos violated the law during his 2020 and 2022 campaigns. The resolution required a simple majority vote in the House.^[61]

Passed (311-114)^[62]

Yea

The Social Security Fairness Act of 2023

The Social Security Fairness Act of 2023 (H.R. 82) was a bill passed by the 118th Congress and signed into law by President Joe Biden (D) on January 5, 2025, that reduced Social Security benefits for individuals who received other pensions from state or local governments. It also eliminated an offset that would reduce benefits for spouses and widows of individuals with government pensions. It also eliminated a provision that reduced benefits for an individual who received a pension or disability benefit from an employer that did not withhold Social Security taxes. This bill required a 2/3rds majority vote to pass.^[63]

Passed (327-75)^[64]

Nay

Secure the Border Act of 2023

The Secure the Border Act of 2023 (H.R. 2) was passed by the U.S. House on May 11, 2024. This bill would have introduced limits to asylum eligibility and required employers to use electronic verification of employee's legal eligibility to work. This bill required a simple majority vote.^[65]

Passed (219-213)^[66]

Nay

Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2024

The Consolidated Appropriations Act 2024 (H.R. 4366) was a bill passed by the 118th Congress and signed into law by President Joe Biden (D) on March 9, 2024, authorizing appropriations for various government departments for the fiscal year 2024. The bill required a majority vote to pass.^[67]

Passed (219-211)^[68]

Yea

Tax Relief for American Families and Workers Act of 2024

The Tax Relief for American Families and Workers Act of 2024 (H.R. 7024) was a bill passed by the U.S. House on January 31, 2024, that would have modified the U.S. tax code, increasing how much money can be given back in credits and what is exempt. This bill required a 2/3rds majority vote to pass.^[69]

Passed (357-70)^[70]

Nay

Servicemember Quality of Life Improvement and National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2025

The Servicemember Quality of Life Improvement and National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2025 (H.R. 8070) was passed by the U.S. House on June 14, 2024. The bill would have modified defense spending in the fiscal year 2025. The bill required a two-thirds majority vote in the House to pass the bill as amended by a Senate and House conference report. ^[71]

Passed (217-199)^[72]

Yea

Antisemitism Awareness Act of 2023

The Antisemitism Awareness Act of 2023 (H.R. 6090) was passed by the U.S. House on May 1, 2024. This bill made it so the Department of Education's Office of Civil Rights could have the authority to use the International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance's definition of antisemitism when investigating cases of discrimination. This bill required a simple majority vote to pass.^[73]

Passed (320-91)^[74]

Yea

FAA Reauthorization Act of 2024

The FAA Reauthorization Act of 2024 (H.R.3935) was a bill passed by the 118th Congress and signed into law by President Joe Biden (D) on May 16, 2024, that reauthorized Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) funding until fiscal year 2028. The bill also made other modifications to address various department-related issues. The bill required a two-thirds majority vote in the House to pass the bill as amended by a Senate and House conference report.^[75]

Passed (387-26)^[76]

Not Voting

Stop Terror-Financing and Tax Penalties on American Hostages Act

The Stop Terror-Financing and Tax Penalties on American Hostages Act (H.R. 9495) was passed by the U.S. House on November 21, 2024. The bill would have postponed U.S. tax deadlines for citizens who were wrongfully detained abroad. This bill required a simple majority to pass.^[77]

Passed (219-184)^[78]

Not Voting

Impeaching Alejandro Nicholas Mayorkas, Secretary of Homeland Security, for high crimes and misdemeanors.

H.Res.863, Impeaching Alejandro Nicholas Mayorkas, Secretary of Homeland Security, for high crimes and misdemeanors, passed the U.S. House on February 13, 2024. The resolution impeached U.S. Secretary of Homeland Security Alejandro Mayorkas (D) for high crimes and misdemeanors. The motion to impeach required a majority in the House and a 2/3rds vote in the Senate.^[79]

Passed (214-213)^[80]

Yea

Continuing Appropriations and Extensions Act, 2025

H.R.9747, the Continuing Appropriations and Extensions Act, 2025, was passed by the 118th Congress and signed into law by President Joe Biden (D) on September 26, 2024, providing funding to federal agencies, including the Secret Service, and federal programs for the 2025 fiscal year. The bill required a two-thirds majority vote in the House to pass the bill as amended by a Senate and House conference report.^[81]

Passed (341-82)^[82]

Key votes: 117th Congress, 2021-2023

The 117th United States Congress began on January 3, 2021 and ended on January 3, 2023. At the start of the session, Democrats held the majority in the U.S. House of Representatives (222-213), and the U.S. Senate had a 50-50 makeup. Democrats assumed control of the Senate on January 20, 2021, when President Joe Biden (D) and Vice President Kamala Harris (D), who acted as a tie-breaking vote in the chamber, assumed office. We identified the key votes below using Congress' top-viewed bills list and through marquee coverage of certain votes on Ballotpedia.

Key votes: 117th Congress, 2021-2023

Vote

Bill and description

Status

Yea

Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act

The Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act (H.R. 3684) was a federal infrastructure bill passed by the 117th Congress and signed into law by President Joe Biden (D) on November 15, 2021. Among other provisions, the bill provided funding for new infrastructure projects and reauthorizations, Amtrak maintenance and development, bridge repair, replacement, and rehabilitation, clean drinking water, high-speed internet, and clean energy transmission and power infrastructure upgrades. The bill required a simple majority vote in the House.^[83] Click here to read more.

Passed (228-206)

Yea

American Rescue Plan Act of 2021

The American Rescue Plan Act of 2021 (H.R. 1319) was a bill passed by the 117th Congress and signed into law by President Joe Biden (D) on March 11, 2021, to provide economic relief in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. Key features of the bill included funding for a national vaccination program and response, funding to safely reopen schools, distribution of $1,400 per person in relief payments, and extended unemployment benefits. The bill required a simple majority vote in the House.^[84] Click here to read more.

Passed (220-210)

Yea

Inflation Reduction Act of 2022

The Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 (H.R. 5376) was a bill passed by the 117th Congress and signed into law by President Joe Biden (D) on August 16, 2022, to address climate change, healthcare costs, and tax enforcement. Key features of the bill included a $369 billion investment to address energy security and climate change, an extension of Affordable Care Act subsidies, allowing Medicare to negotiate certain drug prices, a 15% corporate minimum tax, a 1% stock buyback fee, and enhanced Internal Revenue Service (IRS) enforcement, and an estimated $300 billion deficit reduction from 2022-2031. The bill required a simple majority vote in the House.^[85] Click here to read more.

Passed (220-207)

Yea

Marijuana Opportunity Reinvestment and Expungement Act

The Marijuana Opportunity Reinvestment and Expungement Act (H.R. 3617) was a bill approved by the House of Representatives that sought to decriminalize marijuana, establish studies of legal marijuana sales, tax marijuana imports and production, and establish a process to expunge and review federal marijuana offenses. The bill required a simple majority vote in the House.^[86]

Passed (220-204)

Yea

For the People Act of 2021

The For the People Act of 2021 (H.R. 1) was a federal election law and government ethics bill approved by the House of Representatives. The Congressional Research Service said the bill would "expand voter registration (e.g., automatic and same-day registration) and voting access (e.g., vote-by-mail and early voting). It [would also limit] removing voters from voter rolls. ... Further, the bill [would address] campaign finance, including by expanding the prohibition on campaign spending by foreign nationals, requiring additional disclosure of campaign-related fundraising and spending, requiring additional disclaimers regarding certain political advertising, and establishing an alternative campaign funding system for certain federal offices." The bill required a simple majority vote in the House.^[87] Click here to read more.

Passed (220-210)

Yea

Assault Weapons Ban of 2022

The Assault Weapons Ban of 2022 (H.R. 1808) was a bill passed by the House of Representatives that sought to criminalize the knowing import, sale, manufacture, transfer, or possession of semiautomatic assault weapons (SAW) or large capacity ammunition feeding devices (LCAFD). The bill made exemptions for grandfathered SAWs and LCAFDs. It required a simple majority vote in the House.^[88]

Passed (217-213)

Yea

National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2022

The National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2022 (S. 1605) was a bill passed by the 117th Congress and signed into law by President Joe Biden (D) on December 27, 2021, authorizing Department of Defense acitivities and programs for fiscal year 2022. The bill required a simple majority vote in the House.^[89]

Passed (363-70)

Yea

James M. Inhofe National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2023

The James M. Inhofe National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2023 (H.R. 7776) was a bill passed by the 117th Congress and signed into law by President Joe Biden (D) on December 23, 2022, authorizing Department of Defense activities and programs for fiscal year 2023. The bill required a 2/3 majority in the House to suspend rules and pass the bill as amended.^[90]

Passed (350-80)

Yea

American Dream and Promise Act of 2021

The American Dream and Promise Act of 2021 (H.R. 6) was an immigration bill approved by the House of Representatives that proposed a path to permanent residence status for unauthorized immigrants eligible for Temporary Protected Status or Deferred Enforced Departure, among other immigration-related proposals. The bill required a simple majority vote in the House.^[91]

Passed (228-197)

Yea

Sergeant First Class Heath Robinson Honoring our Promise to Address Comprehensive Toxics Act of 2022

The Sergeant First Class Heath Robinson Honoring our Promise to Address Comprehensive Toxics Act of 2022 (S. 3373) was a bill passed by the 117th Congress and signed into law by President Joe Biden (D) on August 10, 2022, that sought to address healthcare access, the presumption of service-connection, and research, resources, and other matters related to veterans who were exposed to toxic substances during military service. The bill required a simple majority vote in the House.^[92]

Passed (342-88)

Yea

Chips and Science Act

The Chips and Science Act (H.R. 4346) was a bill approved by the 117th Congress and signed into law by President Joe Biden (D) on August 9, 2022, which sought to fund domestic production of semiconductors and authorized various federal science agency programs and activities. The bill required a simple majority vote in the House.^[93]

Passed (243-187)

Yea

Women’s Health Protection Act of 2021

The Women's Health Protection Act of 2021 (H.R. 3755) was a bill passed by the House of Representatives. The bill proposed prohibiting governmental restrictions on the provision of and access to abortion services and prohibiting governments from issuing some other abortion-related restrictions. The bill required a simple majority vote in the House.^[94]

Passed (218-211)

Yea

SAFE Banking Act of 2021

The SAFE Banking Act of 2021 (H.R. 1996) was a bill passed by the House of Representatives that proposed prohibiting federal regulators from penalizing banks for providing services to legitimate cannabis-related businesses and defining proceeds from such transactions as not being proceeds from unlawful activity, among other related proposals. Since the House moved to suspend the rules and pass the bill in an expedited process, it required a two-thirds majority vote in the House.^[95]

Passed (321-101)

Yea

Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2022

The Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2022 (H.R. 2471) was a bill passed by the 117th Congress and signed into law by President Joe Biden (D) on March 15, 2022, providing for the funding of federal agencies for the remainder of 2022, providing funding for activities related to Ukraine, and modifying or establishing various programs. The bill required a simple majority vote in the House.^[96]

Passed (260-171)

Yea

Equality Act

The Equality Act (H.R. 5) was a bill approved by the House of Representatives that proposed prohibiting discrimination on the basis of sex, sexual orientation, and gender identity in areas including public accommodations and facilities, education, federal funding, employment, housing, credit, and the jury system, among other related proposals. The bill required a simple majority vote in the House.^[97]

Passed (224-206)

Yea

Respect for Marriage Act

The Respect for Marriage Act (H.R. 8404) was a bill passed by the 117th Congress and signed into law by President Joe Biden (D) on December 13, 2022. The bill codified the recognition of marriages between individuals of the same sex and of different races, ethnicities, or national origins, and provided that the law would not impact religious liberty or conscience protections, or provide grounds to compel nonprofit religious organizations to recognize same-sex marriages. The bill required a simple majority vote in the House.^[98] Click here to read more.

Passed (258-169)

Yea

Continuing Appropriations and Ukraine Supplemental Appropriations Act, 2023

The Continuing Appropriations and Ukraine Supplemental Appropriations Act, 2023 (H.R. 6833) was a bill approved by the 117th Congress and signed into law by President Joe Biden (D) on September 30, 2022. It provided for some fiscal year 2023 appropriations, supplemental funds for Ukraine, and extended several other programs and authorities. The bill required a simple majority vote in the House.^[99]

Passed (230-201)

Yea

Consumer Fuel Price Gouging Prevention Act

The Consumer Fuel Price Gouging Prevention Act (H.R. 7688) was a bill approved by the House of Representatives that sought to prohibit individuals from selling consumer fuels at excessive prices during a proclaimed energy emergency. It would have also required the Federal Trade Commission to investigate whether the price of gasoline was being manipulated. The bill required a simple majority vote in the House.^[100]

Passed (217-207)

Yea

Bipartisan Background Checks Act of 2021

The Bipartisan Background Checks Act of 2021 (H.R. 8) was a bill approved by the House of Representatives that sought to prohibit the transfer of firearms between private parties unless a licensed firearm vendor conducted a background check on the recipient. The bill also provided for certain exceptions to this requirement. The bill required a simple majority vote in the House.^[101]

Passed (227-203)

Yea

Freedom to Vote: John R. Lewis Act

The Freedom to Vote: John R. Lewis Act was a federal elections bill approved by the House of Representatives and voted down by the Senate in a failed cloture vote that sought to, among other provisions, make Election Day a public holiday, allow for same-day voter registration, establish minimum early voting periods, and allow absentee voting for any reason, restrict the removal of local election administrators in federal elections, regulate congressional redistricting, expand campaign finance disclosure rules for some organizations, and amend the Voting Rights Act to require some states to obtain clearance from the U.S. Department of Justice before implementing new election laws. The bill required a simple majority vote in the House.^[102] Click here to read more.

Passed (220-203)

Yea

Bipartisan Safer Communities Act

The Bipartisan Safer Communities Act (S. 2938) was a firearm regulation and mental health bill passed by the 117th Congress and signed into law by President Joe Biden (D) on June 25, 2022. Provisions of the bill included expanding background checks for individuals under the age of 21, providing funding for mental health services, preventing individuals who had been convicted of a domestic violence misdemeanor or felony in dating relationships from purchasing firearms for five years, providing funding for state grants to implement crisis intervention order programs, and providing funding for community-based violence prevention initiatives. The bill required a simple majority vote in the House.^[103] Click here to read more.

Passed (234-193)

Yea

Impeaching Donald John Trump, President of the United States, for high crimes and misdemeanors.

This was a resolution before the 117th Congress setting forth an article of impeachment saying that Donald Trump (R) incited an insurrection against the government of the United States on January 6, 2021. The House of Representatives approved the article of impeachment, and the Senate adjudged that Trump was not guilty of the charges. The article of impeachment required a simple majority vote in the House.^[104] Click here to read more.

Passed (232-197)

Yea

Electoral Count Reform and Presidential Transition Improvement Act of 2022

The Electoral Count Reform and Presidential Transition Improvement Act was a bill passed by the 117th Congress in the form of an amendment to a year-end omnibus funding bill that was signed into law by President Joe Biden (D) on December 23, 2022. The bill changed the procedure for counting electoral votes outlined in the Electoral Count Act of 1887. Elements of the bill included specifying that the vice president's role at the joint session of congress to count electoral votes is ministerial, raising the objection threshold at the joint session of congress to count electoral votes to one-fifth of the members of both the House of Representatives and the Senate, identifying governors as the single official responsible for submitting the certificate of ascertainment identifying that state’s electors, and providing for expedited judicial review of certain claims about states' certificates identifying their electors. The bill required a simple majority vote in the House.^[105] Click here to read more.

Passed (225-201)

Key votes: 116th Congress, 2019-2021

The 116th United States Congress began on January 9, 2019, and ended on January 3, 2021. At the start of the session, Democrats held the majority in the U.S. House of Representatives (235-200), and Republicans held the majority in the U.S. Senate (53-47). Donald Trump (R) was the president and Mike Pence (R) was the vice president. We identified the key votes below using Congress' top-viewed bills list and through marquee coverage of certain votes on Ballotpedia.

Key votes: 116th Congress, 2019-2021

Vote

Bill and description

Status

Yea

Fairness for High-Skilled Immigrants Act of 2020

The Fairness for High-Skilled Immigrants Act of 2020 (H.R. 1044) was a bill passed by the House of Representatives seeking to increase the cap on employment-based visas, establish certain rules governing such visas, and impose some additional requirements on employers hiring holders of such visas. The bill required a two-thirds majority vote in the House to suspend the rules and pass the bill as amended.^[106]

Passed (365-65)

Yea

The Heroes Act

The HEROES Act (H.R. 6800) was a bill approved by the House of Representatives that sought to address the COVID-19 outbreak by providing $1,200 payments to individuals, extending and expanding the moratorium on some evictions and foreclosures, outlining requirements and establishing finding for contact tracing and COVID-19 testing, providing emergency supplemental appropriations to federal agencies for fiscal year 2020, and eliminating cost-sharing for COVID-19 treatments. This bill required a simple majority vote in the House.^[107]

Passed (208-199)

Yea

For the People Act of 2019

The For the People Act of 2019 (H.R.1) was a bill approved by the House of Representatives that sought to protect election security, revise rules on campaign funding, introduce new provisions related to ethics, establish independent, nonpartisan redistricting commissions, and establish new rules on the release of tax returns for presidential and vice presidential candidates. This bill required a simple majority vote in the House.^[108]

Passed (234-193)

Yea

CARES Act

The Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security (CARES) Act (H.R. 748) was a bill passed by the 116th Congress and signed into law by President Donald Trump (R) on March 27, 2020, that expanded benefits through the joint federal-state unemployment insurance program during the coronavirus pandemic. The legislation also included $1,200 payments to certain individuals, funding for Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) benefits, and funds for businesses, hospitals, and state and local governments. This bill required a two-thirds majority vote in the House.^[109]

Passed (419-6)

Yea

Equality Act

The Equality Act (H.R. 5) was a bill approved by the House Representatives that sought to ban discrimination based on sex, sexual orientation, and gender identity by expanding the definition of establishments that fall under public accomodation and prohibiting the denial of access to a shared facility that is in agreement with an indiviual's gender indenitity. This bill required a simple majority vote in the House.^[110]

Passed (236-173)

Not Voting

Bipartisan Background Checks Act of 2019

The Bipartisan Background Checks Act of 2019 (H.R. 8) was a bill approved by the House that sought to ban firearm transfers between private parties unless a licensed gun dealer, manufacturer, or importer first takes possession of the firearm to conduct a background check. This bill required a simple majority vote in the House.^[111]

Passed (240-190)

Yea

American Dream and Promise Act of 2019

The American Dream and Promise Act of 2019 (H.R.6) was a bill approved by the House Representatives that sought to protect certain immigrants from removal proceedings and provide a path to permanent resident status by establishing streamlined procedures for permanant residency and canceling removal proceedings against certain qualifed individuals. This bill required a simple majority vote in the House.^[112]

Passed (237-187)

Yea

National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2020

The National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2020 (S. 1790) was a bill passed by the 116th Congress and signed into law by President Donald Trump (R) on December 20, 2019, setting policies and appropriations for the Department of Defense. Key features of this bill include appropriations for research/development, procurement, military construction, and operation/maintenence, as well as policies for paid family leave, North Korea nuclear sanctions, limiting the use of criminal history in federal hiring and contracting, military housing privatization, and paid family leave for federal personnel. This bill required a simple majority vote in the House.^[113]

Passed (377-48)

Yea

Families First Coronavirus Response Act

The Families First Coronavirus Response Act (H.R. 6201) was a bill passed by the 116th Congress and signed into law by President Donald Trump (R) on March 18, 2020, addressing the COVID-19 pandemic by increasing access to unemployment benefits and food assistance, increasing funding for Medicaid, providing free testing for COVID-19, and requiring employers to provide paid sick time to employees who cannot work due to COVID-19. The bill required a two-thirds majority vote in the House.^[114]

Passed (363-40)

Yea

Setting Every Community Up for Retirement Enhancement Act of 2019

The Setting Every Community Up for Retirement Enhancement Act (H.R. 1994) was a bill passed by the House Representatives that sought to change the requirements for employer provided retirement plans, IRAs, and other tax-favored savings accounts by modfying the requirements for things such as loans, lifetime income options, required minimum distributions, the eligibility rules for certain long-term, part-time employees, and nondiscrimination rules. The bill also sought to treat taxable non-tuition fellowship and stipend payments as compensation for the purpose of an IRA, repeal the maximum age for traditional IRA contributions, increase penalties for failing to file tax returns, allow penalty-free withdrawals from retirement plans if a child is born or adopted, and expand the purposes for which qualified tuition programs may be used. This bill required a simple majority vote in the House. ^[115]

Passed (417-3)

Yea

Elijah E. Cummings Lower Drug Costs Now Act

The Elijah E. Cummings Lower Drug Costs Now Act (H.R. 3) was a bill approved by the House Representatives that sought to address the price of healthcare by requiring the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) to negotiate prices for certain drugs, requiring drug manufactures to issue rebates for certain drugs covered under Medicare, requiring drug price transparency from drug manufacturers, expanding Medicare coverage, and providing funds for certain public health programs. This bill required a simple majority vote in the House.^[116]

Passed (230-192)

Yea

Further Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2020

The Further Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2020 (H.R. 1865) was a bill passed by the 116th Congress and signed into law by President Donald Trump (R) on December 20, 2019, providing appropriations for federal agencies in fiscal year 2020. This bill required a simple majority vote in the House.^[117]

Passed (297-120)

Yea

Hong Kong Human Rights and Democracy Act of 2019

The Hong Kong Human Rights and Democracy Act of 2019 (S. 1838) was a bill passed by the 116th Congress and signed into law by President Donald Trump (R) on November 27, 2019, directing several federal departments to assess Hong Kong's unique treatment under U.S. law. Key features of the bill include directing the Department of State to report and certify annually to Congress as to whether Hong Kong is sufficiently autonomous from China to justify its unique treatment, and directing the Department of Commerce to report annually to Congress on China's efforts to use Hong Kong to evade U.S. export controls and sanctions. This bill required a two-thirds majority vote in the House.^[118]

Passed (417-1)

Yea

MORE Act of 2020

The MORE Act of 2020 (H.R. 3884) was a bill approved by the House of Representatives that sought to decriminalize marijuana by removing marijuana as a scheduled controlled substance and eliminating criminal penalties for an individual who manufactures, distributes, or possesses marijuana. This bill required a simple majority vote from the House.^[119]

Passed (228-164)

Yea

Coronavirus Preparedness and Response Supplemental Appropriations Act, 2020

The Coronavirus Preparedness and Response Supplemental Appropriations Act, 2020 (H.R. 6074) was a bill passed by the 116th Congress and signed into law by President Donald Trump on March 6, 2020, providing emergency funding to federal agencies in response to the COVID-19 outbreak. Key features of the bill include funding for vaccine research, small business loans, humanitarian assistance to affected foreign countries, emergency preparedness, and grants for public health agencies and organizations. This bill required a two-thirds majority vote in the House to suspend the rules and pass the bill.^[120]

Passed (415-2)

Yea

Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2019

The Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2019 (H.J.Res. 31) was a bill passed by the 116th Congress and signed into law by President Donald Trump on February 15, 2019, providing approrations for Fiscal Year 2019. This bill required a simple majority vote in the House.^[121]

Passed (300 -128)

Not Voting

John D. Dingell, Jr. Conservation, Management, and Recreation Act

The John D. Dingell, Jr. Conservation, Management, and Recreation Act (S. 47) was a bill passed by the 116th Congress and signed into law by President Doanld Trump on March 12, 2019. This bill sought to set provisions for federal land management and conservation by doing things such as conducting land exchanges and conveyances, establishing programs to respond to wildfires, and extending and reauthorizing wildlife conservation programs. This bill required a two-thirds majority vote in the House.^[122]

Passed (363-62)

Yea

William M. (Mac) Thornberry National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2021 (On passage)

The William M. (Mac) Thornberry National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2021 (H.R. 6395) was a bill passed by the 116th Congress and vetoed by President Donald Trump on December 23, 2020. Congress voted to override Trump's veto, and the bill became law on January 1, 2021. The bill set Department of Defense policies and appropriations for Fiscal Year 2021. Trump vetoed the bill due to disagreement with provisions related to Section 230 of the Communications Decency Act, the renaming of certain military installations, limits on emergency military construction fund usage, and limits on troop withdrawals. This bill required a simple majority vote in the House on passage, and a two-thirds majority vote in the House to override Trump's veto.^[123]

Passed (335-78)

Yea

William M. (Mac) Thornberry National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2021 (Overcoming veto)

The William M. (Mac) Thornberry National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2021 (H.R. 6395) was a bill passed by the 116th Congress and vetoed by President Donald Trump on December 23, 2020. Congress voted to override Trump's veto, and the bill became law on January 1, 2021. The bill set Department of Defense policies and appropriations for Fiscal Year 2021. Trump vetoed the bill due to disagreement with provisions related to Section 230 of the Communications Decency Act, the renaming of certain military installations, limits on emergency military construction fund usage, and limits on troop withdrawals. This bill required a simple majority vote in the House on passage, and a two-thirds majority vote in the House to override Trump's veto.^[124]

Passed (322-87)

Not Voting

Government Employee Fair Treatment Act of 2019

The Government Employee Fair Treatment Act of 2019 (S.24) was a bill passed by the 116th Congress and signed into law by President Donald Trump on January 16, 2019, that requires federal employees who were furloughed or compelled to work during a lapse in government funding to be compensated for that time. The bill also required those employees to be compensated as soon as the lapse in funding ends, irregardless of official pay date. This bill required a two-thirds majority vote in the House to suspend the rules and pass the bill.^[125]

Passed (411-7)

Yea

Impeaching Donald John Trump, President of the United States, for high crimes and misdemeanors. (Article 1)

The 2020 impeachment of Donald Trump (R) was a resolution before the 116th Congress to set forth two articles of impeachment saying that Trump abused his power and obstructed congress. The first article was related to allegations that Trump requested the Ukrainian government investigate former Vice President Joe Biden (D) and his son, Hunter Biden, in exchange for aid, and the second was related to Trump's response to the impeachment inquiry. The House of Representatives approved both articles of impeachment, and the Senate adjudged that Trump was not guilty of either charge. The articles of impeachment required a simple majority vote in the House. ^[126]

Guilty (230-197)

Yea

Impeaching Donald John Trump, President of the United States, for high crimes and misdemeanors. (Article 2)

The 2020 impeachment of Donald Trump (R) was a resolution before the 116th Congress to set forth two articles of impeachment saying that Trump abused his power and obstructed congress. The first article was related to allegations that Trump requested the Ukrainian government investigate former Vice President Joe Biden (D) and his son, Hunter Biden, in exchange for aid, and the second was related to Trump's response to the impeachment inquiry. The House of Representatives approved both articles of impeachment, and the Senate adjudged that Trump was not guilty of either charge. The articles of impeachment required a simple majority vote in the House. ^[127]

Guilty (229-198)

Key votes: 115th Congress, 2017-2018

For detailed information about each vote, click here.

Votes on domestic policy (click to expand)

Voted Yea on: Agriculture and Nutrition Act of 2018 (Conference report) (HR 2)

Bill Passed (369-47) on December 12, 2018

Proposed providing funding for commodity support, conservation, trade and international food aid, nutrition assistance, farm credit, rural development, research and extension activities, forestry, horticulture, and crop insurance through fiscal year 2023.^[128]

Voted Nay on: Agriculture and Nutrition Act of 2018 (HR 2 (second vote))

Bill Passed (213-211) on June 21, 2018

Proposed providing funding for commodity support, conservation, trade and international food aid, nutrition assistance, farm credit, rural development, research and extension activities, forestry, horticulture, and crop insurance. It also proposed modifying the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program, previously known as the food stamp program.^[129]

Voted Nay on: Securing America’s Future Act of 2018 (HR 4760)

Bill Failed (193-231) on June 21, 2018

Proposed funding a border wall, limiting legal immigration, a mandatory worker verification program, allowing DACA recipients to apply for legal status, and preventing separation of families at the border.^[130]

Voted Yea on: Agriculture and Nutrition Act of 2018 (HR 2)

Bill Passed (369-47) on December 12, 2018

Reauthorizes through FY2023 and modifies some Department of Agriculture (USDA) programs.^[131]

Voted Nay on: Pain-Capable Unborn Child Protection Act (HR 36)

Bill Passed (237-189) on October 3, 2017

Proposed amending the federal criminal code to make it a crime for any person to perform or attempt to perform an abortion if the probable post-fertilization age of the fetus was 20 weeks or more. The bill provided exceptions for an abortion: (1) that was necessary to save the life of the pregnant woman, or (2) when the pregnancy was the result of rape or incest.^[132]

Voted Nay on: Kate's Law (HR 3004)

Bill Passed (257-167) on June 29, 2017

Proposed increasing criminal penalties for individuals in the country illegally who were convicted of certain crimes, deported, and then re-entered the U.S. illegally.^[133]

Voted Nay on: No Sanctuary for Criminals Act (HR 3003)

Bill Passed (228-195) on June 29, 2017

Proposed withholding federal funds from states and localities that chose not to follow federal immigration laws.^[134]

Voted Nay on: American Health Care Act of 2017 (HR 1628)

Bill passed (217-213) on May 4, 2017

Proposed modifying the budgetary and fiscal provisions of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA), also known as Obamacare.^[135]

Votes on economic affairs and regulations (click to expand)

Voted Yea on: Department of Defense and Labor, Health and Human Services, and Education Appropriations Act, 2019 (Conference report) (HR 6157)

Bill Passed (361-61) on September 26, 2018

Proposed authorizing FY2019 appropriations and policies for the Departments of Defense, Health and Human Services (HHS), Labor, and Education.^[136]

Voted Yea on: Energy and Water, Legislative Branch, and Military Construction and Veterans Affairs Appropriations Act, 2019 (Conference report) (HR 5895)

Bill Passed (377-20) on September 13, 2018

Proposed authorizing FY2019 appropriations and policies for the Department of Energy, water resources, the legislative branch, military construction, and the Department of Veterans Affairs, among other programs.^[137]

Voted Yea on: Department of Defense and Labor, Health and Human Services, and Education Appropriations Act, 2019 (HR 6157)

Bill Passed (359-49) on June 28, 2018

Proposed authorizing FY2019 appropriations and policies for the Departments of Defense, Health and Human Services (HHS), Labor, and Education.^[138]

Voted Nay on: Energy and Water Development and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 2019 (HR 5895)

Bill Passed (235-179) on June 8, 2018

Proposed authorizing FY2019 appropriations and policies for the Department of Energy, water resources, the legislative branch, military construction, and the Department of Veterans Affairs, among other programs.^[139]

Voted Nay on: Economic Growth, Regulatory Relief, and Consumer Protection Act (S 2155)

Bill Passed (258-159) on May 22, 2018

Proposed exempting some banks from the Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act^[140]

Voted Yea on: Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2018 (HR 1625)

Bill Passed (256-167) on March 22, 2018

Proposed providing appropriations for fiscal year 2018, and for other purposes.^[141]

Voted Nay on: The Bipartisan Budget Act of 2018 (HR 1892)

Bill Passed (240-186) on February 9, 2018

Proposed providing appropriations through March 23, 2018.^[142]

Voted Nay on: Further Extension Of Continuing Appropriations Act, 2018 (HR 1892)

Bill Passed (245-182) on February 6, 2018

Proposed providing appropriations through March 23, 2018.^[143]

Voted Nay on: Making further continuing appropriations for the fiscal year ending September 30, 2018, and for other purposes. (HR 195)

Bill Passed (266-150) on January 22, 2018

Proposed providing further continuing appropriations through February 8, 2018.^[144]

Voted Nay on: Making further continuing appropriations for the fiscal year ending September 30, 2018, and for other purposes. (HR 195)

Bill Passed (230-197) on January 18, 2018

Proposed providing further continuing appropriations through February 16, 2018.^[145]

Did not vote on: Further Additional Continuing Appropriations Act, 2018 (HR 1370)

Bill Passed (231-188) on December 21, 2017

Proposed providing further continuing appropriations through January 19, 2018.^[146]

Voted Nay on: Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (HR 1)

Bill Passed (227-203) on December 19, 2017

Proposed providing for reconciliation pursuant to titles II and V of the concurrent resolution on the budget for fiscal year 2018.^[147]

Voted Nay on: Making further continuing appropriations for fiscal year 2018, and for other purposes (HJ Res 123)

Bill Passed (235-193) on December 7, 2017

Proposed funding the government until December 22, 2017.^[148]

Voted Nay on: Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (HR 1)

Bill Passed (227-205) on November 16, 2017

Proposed amending the Internal Revenue Code to reduce tax rates and modify policies, credits, and deductions for individuals and businesses.^[149]

Voted Nay on: Establishing the congressional budget for the United States Government for fiscal year 2018 and setting forth the appropriate budgetary levels for fiscal years 2019 through 2027. (H Con Res 71)

Bill Passed (216-212) on October 26, 2017

Proposed establishing the congressional budget for the federal government for FY2018 and setting forth budgetary levels for FY2019-FY2027. (This bill proposed adopting the Senate's budget resolution.)^[150]

Voted Nay on: Establishing the congressional budget for the United States Government for fiscal year 2018 and setting forth the appropriate budgetary levels for fiscal years 2019 through 2027. (H Con Res 71)

Bill Passed (219-206) on October 5, 2017

Proposed establishing the congressional budget for the federal government for FY2018 and setting forth budgetary levels for FY2019-FY2027.^[151]

Did not vote on: Make America Secure and Prosperous Appropriations Act, 2018 (HR 3354)

Bill Passed (211-198) on September 14, 2017

Proposed providing FY2018 appropriations for the federal government. It combined 12 appropriations bills.^[152]

Voted Yea on: Disaster Relief Appropriations Act, 2017 (Included amendments to suspend the debt ceiling and fund the government) (HR 601)

Bill Passed (316-90) on September 8, 2017

Proposed suspending the debt ceiling and funding the government until December 8, 2017, and providing funding for Hurricanes Harvey and Irma relief efforts.^[153]

Voted Yea on: Disaster Relief Appropriations Act, 2017 (HR 601)

Bill Passed (419-3) on September 6, 2017

Proposed providing $7.85 billion for disaster relief requirements, including response and recovery efforts from Hurricane Harvey.^[154]

Voted Nay on: Financial CHOICE Act of 2017 (HR 10)

Bill passed (233-186) on June 8, 2017

Proposed amending the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, among other acts.^[155]

Voted Yea on: Consolidated Appropriations Act of 2017 (HR 244)

Bill passed (309-118) on May 3, 2017

Proposed a $1.2 trillion budget to fund the government through the end of the fiscal year on September 30, 2017.^[156]

Votes on foreign policy and national security issues (click to expand)

Voted Yea on: National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2019 (HR 5515)

Bill Passed (351-66) on May 24, 2018

Proposed authorizing FY2019 appropriations and policies for Department of Defense (DOD) programs and activities^[157]

Voted Nay on: Department of Defense Appropriations Act, 2018 (HR 695)

Bill Passed (250-166) on January 30, 2018

Proposed providing appropriations for military functions administered by the Department of Defense and for other purposes, for the fiscal year ending September 30, 2018.^[158]

Voted Yea on: National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2018—Conference report (HR 2810)

Bill Passed (356-70) on November 14, 2017

Proposed authorizing FY2018 appropriations and setting forth policies for Department of Defense (DOD) programs and activities, including military personnel strengths.^[159]

Voted Nay on: Make America Secure Appropriations Act, 2018 (HR 3219)

Bill Passed (235-192) on July 27, 2017

Proposed making appropriations for defense, military construction, Veterans Affairs, the Legislative Branch, energy and water development, and for other purposes for the fiscal year ending on September 30, 2018.^[160]

Voted Yea on: Countering America's Adversaries Through Sanctions Act (HR 3364)

Bill Passed (419-3) on July 25, 2017

Proposed providing congressional review and measures to counter aggression by the governments of Iran, the Russian Federation, and North Korea, and for other purposes.^[161]

Voted Yea on: Intelligence Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2018 (HR 3180, second vote)

Bill Passed (380-35) on July 28, 2017

Proposed authorizing appropriations for fiscal year 2018 for intelligence and intelligence-related activities of the United States Government, the Community Management Account, and the Central Intelligence Agency Retirement and Disability System, and for other purposes.^[162]

Voted Nay on: Intelligence Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2018 (HR 3180)

Bill Failed (241-163) on July 24, 2017

Proposed authorizing appropriations for fiscal year 2018 for intelligence and intelligence-related activities of the United States Government, the Community Management Account, and the Central Intelligence Agency Retirement and Disability System, and for other purposes.^[163]

Voted Yea on: National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2018 (HR 2810)

Bill Passed (344-81) on July 14, 2017

Proposed authorizing fiscal year 2018 appropriations and setting forth policies for Department of Defense (DOD) programs and activities, including military personnel strengths. It did not provide budget authority.^[164]

Voted Yea on: Department of Defense Appropriations Act, 2017 (HR 1301)

Bill passed (371-48) on March 8, 2017

The $577.9 billion fiscal year 2017 defense spending bill proposed $516.1 billion in base budget funding and $61.8 billion for Overseas Contingency Operations/ Global War on Terrorism funding.^[165]

114th Congress

The first session of the 114th Congress enacted into law six out of the 2,616 introduced bills (0.2 percent). Comparatively, the 113th Congress had 1.3 percent of introduced bills enacted into law in the first session. In the second session, the 114th Congress enacted 133 out of 3,159 introduced bills (4.2 percent). Comparatively, the 113th Congress had 7.0 percent of introduced bills enacted into law in the second session.^[166]^[167] For more information pertaining to Frankel's voting record in the 114th Congress, please see the below sections.^[168]

Economic and fiscal

Trade Act of 2015

See also: The Trans-Pacific Partnership trade deal, 2015

Trade adjustment assistance
On June 12, 2015, the House rejected the trade adjustment assistance (TAA) measure in HR 1314—the Trade Act of 2015—by a vote of 126-302. Trade adjustment assistance (TAA) is a federal program providing American workers displaced by foreign trade agreements with job training and services. The measure was packaged with trade promotion authority (TPA), also known as fast-track authority. TPA is a legislative procedure that allows Congress to define "U.S. negotiating objectives and spells out a detailed oversight and consultation process for during trade negotiations. Under TPA, Congress retains the authority to review and decide whether any proposed U.S. trade agreement will be implemented," according to the Office of the United States Trade Representative. Frankel was one of 144 Democrats to vote against the bill.^[169]^[170]
Trade promotion authority
On June 12, 2015, the House passed the trade promotion authority (TPA) measure in HR 1314—the Trade Act of 2015 —by a vote of 219-211. TPA gives the president fast-track authority to negotiate trade agreements sent to Congress without the opportunity for amendment or filibuster. Although the House approved TPA, it was a largely symbolic vote given the measure was part of a package trade bill including trade adjustment assistance (TAA), which was rejected earlier the same day. Frankel was one of 157 Democrats to vote against the measure.^[171]^[172]
Trade promotion authority second vote
After the trade adjustment assistance (TAA) and trade promotion authority (TPA) did not pass the House together on June 12, 2015, representatives voted to authorize TPA alone as an amendment to HR 2146—the Defending Public Safety Employees' Retirement Act—on June 18, 2015. The amendment passed by a vote of 218-208, with all voting members of the House maintaining his or her original position on TPA except for Ted Yoho (R-Fla.). Frankel was one of 158 Democrats to vote against the amendment.^[173]^[174]
Trade adjustment assistance second vote
The House passed HR 1295—the Trade Preferences Extension Act of 2015—on June 25, 2015, by a vote of 286-138. The Senate packaged trade adjustment assistance (TAA) in this bill after the House rejected the TAA measure in HR 1314—the Trade Act of 2015. Along with trade promotion authority (TPA), which Congress passed as part of HR 2146—the Defending Public Safety Employees' Retirement Act—TAA became law on June 29, 2015. Frankel was one of 175 Democrats to vote in favor of HR 1295.^[175]^[176]

Defense spending authorization

On May 15, 2015, the House passed HR 1735—the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2016—by a vote of 269-151. The bill "authorizes FY2016 appropriations and sets forth policies for Department of Defense (DOD) programs and activities, including military personnel strengths. It does not provide budget authority, which is provided in subsequent appropriations legislation." Frankel voted with 142 other Democrats and eight Republicans against the bill.^[177] The Senate passed the bill on June 18, 2015, by a vote of 71-25. President Barack Obama vetoed the bill on October 22, 2015.^[178]

On November 5, 2015, the House passed S 1356—the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2016—by a vote of 370-58. The second version of the $607 billion national defense bill included $5 billion in cuts to match what was approved in the budget and language preventing the closure of the Guantanamo Bay military prison.^[179]^[180] Frankel voted with 134 other Democrats and 235 Republicans to approve the bill.^[181] On November 10, 2015, the Senate passed the bill by a vote of 91-3, and President Barack Obama signed it into law on November 25, 2015.^[182]

2016 Budget proposal

On April 30, 2015, the House voted to approve SConRes11, a congressional budget proposal for fiscal year 2016, by a vote of 226-197. The non-binding resolution was designed to create 12 appropriations bills to fund the government. All 183 Democrats who voted, including Frankel, voted against the resolution.^[183]^[184]^[185]

2015 budget

On October 28, 2015, the House passed HR 1314—the Bipartisan Budget Act of 2015—by a vote of 266-167. The bill increased military and domestic spending levels and suspended the debt ceiling until March 2017.^[186] Frankel voted with 186 Democrats and 79 Republicans in favor of the bill.^[187] It passed the Senate on October 30, 2015.^[188] President Barack Obama signed it into law on November 2, 2015.

Foreign Affairs

Iran nuclear deal

See also: Iran nuclear agreement, 2015

On May 14, 2015, the House approved HR 1191—the Iran Nuclear Agreement Review Act of 2015—by a vote of 400-25. The bill required President Barack Obama to submit the details of the nuclear deal with Iran for congressional review. Congress had 60 days to review the deal and vote to approve, disapprove, or take no action on the deal. During the review period, sanctions on Iran could not be lifted. Frankel voted with 176 Democrats to approve the bill.^[189]^[190]

Approval of Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action
On September 11, 2015, the House rejected HR 3461—To approve the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action, signed at Vienna on July 14, 2015, relating to the nuclear program of Iran—by a vote of 162-269. The legislation proposed approving the nuclear agreement with Iran. Frankel voted with 24 Democrats and 244 Republicans against the bill.^[191]^[192]

Suspension of Iran sanctions relief
On September 11, 2015, the House approved HR 3460—To suspend until January 21, 2017, the authority of the President to waive, suspend, reduce, provide relief from, or otherwise limit the application of sanctions pursuant to an agreement related to the nuclear program of Iran—by a vote of 247-186. HR 3460 prohibited "the President, prior to January 21, 2017, from: limiting the application of specified sanctions on Iran or refraining from applying any such sanctions; or removing a foreign person (including entities) listed in Attachments 3 or 4 to Annex II of the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPA) from the list of designated nationals and blocked persons maintained by the Office of Foreign Asset Control of the Department of the Treasury." Frankel voted with 185 Democrats against the bill.^[193]^[194]

Presidential non-compliance of section 2
On September 10, 2015, the House passed H Res 411—Finding that the President has not complied with section 2 of the Iran Nuclear Agreement Review Act of 2015—by a vote of 245-186. Section 2 of the Iran Nuclear Agreement Review Act of 2015 required the president to submit all materials related to the nuclear agreement for congressional review. House Republicans introduced the resolution because two agreements between the International Atomic Energy Agency and Iran were not submitted to Congress. Frankel voted with 185 Democrats against the resolution.^[195]^[196]

Export-Import Bank

On October 27, 2015, the House passed HR 597—the Export-Import Bank Reform and Reauthorization Act of 2015—by a vote of 313-118. The bill proposed reauthorizing the Export-Import Bank and allowing it to resume offering assistance in the form of loans and insurance to foreign companies that wanted to buy U.S. goods.^[197] Frankel voted with 185 Democrats and 127 Republicans in favor of the bill.^[198]

Domestic

USA FREEDOM Act of 2015

On May 13, 2015, the House passed HR 2048—the Uniting and Strengthening America by Fulfilling Rights and Ensuring Effective Discipline Over Monitoring Act of 2015 or the USA FREEDOM Act of 2015—by a vote of 338-88. The legislation revised HR 3199—the USA PATRIOT Improvement and Reauthorization Act of 2005—by ending the bulk collection of metadata under Sec. 215 of the act, requiring increased reporting from the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court, and requiring the use of "a specific selection term as the basis for national security letters that request information from wire or electronic communication service providers, financial institutions, or consumer reporting agencies." Frankel voted with 141 Democrats and 196 Republicans to approve the legislation. It became law on June 2, 2015.^[199]^[200]

Pain-Capable Unborn Child Protection Act

On May 13, 2015, the House passed HR 36—the Pain-Capable Unborn Child Protection Act—by a vote of 242-184. The bill proposed prohibiting abortions from being performed after a fetus was determined to be 20 weeks or older. The bill proposed exceptions in cases of rape, incest, or to save the life of the mother. Frankel voted with 179 Democrats against the bill.^[201]^[202]

Cyber security

On April 23, 2015, the House passed HR 1731—the National Cybersecurity Protection Advancement Act of 2015—by a vote of 355-63. The bill proposed creating an information sharing program that would allow federal agencies and private entities to share information about cyber threats. It also proposed including liability protections for companies.^[203] Frankel voted with 134 Democrats and 220 Republicans to approve the bill.^[204]

On April 22, 2015, the House passed HR 1560—the Protecting Cyber Networks Act—by a vote of 307-116.^[205] The bill proposed procedures that would allow federal agencies and private entities to share information about cyber threats. Frankel voted with 104 Democrats and 202 Republicans in favor of the bill.^[206]

Immigration

On November 19, 2015, the House passed HR 4038—the American SAFE Act of 2015—by a vote of 289-137.^[207] The bill proposed instituting additional screening processes for refugees from Iraq and Syria who applied for admission to the U.S. Frankel voted with 134 Democrats and two Republicans against the bill.^[208]

113th Congress

The second session of the 113th Congress enacted into law 224 out of the 3215 introduced bills (7 percent). Comparatively, the 112th Congress had 4.2 percent of introduced bills enacted into law in the second session.^[209] For more information pertaining to Frankel's voting record in the 113th Congress, please see the below sections.^[210]

National security

DHS Appropriations

Frankel voted against HR 2217 - the DHS Appropriations Act of 2014. The bill passed the House on June 6, 2013, with a vote of 245 - 182 and was largely along party lines.^[211]

Keystone Pipeline Amendment

Frankel in favor of House Amendment 69, which would have amended HR 3 to "require that the Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration, in consultation with the Department of Homeland Security, conduct a study of the vulnerabilities of the Keystone XL pipeline to a terrorist attack and certify that necessary protections have been put in place." The amendment failed on May 22, 2013, with a vote of 176 - 239 and was largely along party lines.^[211]

CISPA (2013)

Frankel voted in favor of HR 624 - the CISPA (2013). The bill passed the House on April 18, 2013, with a vote of 288 - 127. The bill permitted federal intelligence agencies to share cybersecurity intelligence and information with private entities and utilities.^[212] The bill was largely supported by Republicans, but divided the Democratic Party.^[211]

NDAA

Frankel voted in support of HR 1960 - the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2014. The bill passed the House on June 14, 2013, with a vote of 315 - 108. Both parties were somewhat divided on the vote.^[211]

Economy

Farm bill

On January 29, 2014, the U.S. House approved the Federal Agriculture Reform and Risk Management Act of 2013, H.R. 2642, also known as the Farm Bill.^[213] The bill passed by a vote of 251-166. The nearly 1,000-page bill reformed and continued various programs of the Department of Agriculture through 2018. The $1 trillion bill expanded crop insurance for farmers by $7 billion over the next decade and created new subsidies for rice and peanut growers that would kick in when prices drop.^[214]^[215] However, cuts to the food stamp program cut an average of $90 per month for 1.7 million people in 15 states.^[215] Frankel voted with 88 other Democratic representatives in favor of the bill.

2014 Budget

On January 15, 2014, the Republican-run House approved H.R. 3547, a $1.1 trillion spending bill to fund the government through September 30, 2014.^[216]^[217] The House voted 359-67 for the 1,582 page bill, with 64 Republicans and three Democrats voting against the bill.^[217] The omnibus package included 12 annual spending bills to fund federal operations.^[218] It included a 1 percent increase in the paychecks of federal workers and military personnel, a $1 billion increase in Head Start funding for early childhood education, reduced funding to the Internal Revenue Service and the Environmental Protection Agency, and the protection of the Affordable Care Act from any drastic cuts. Frankel joined with the majority of the Democratic party and voted in favor of the bill.^[216]^[217]

Government shutdown

See also: United States budget debate, 2013

On September 30, 2013, the House passed a final stopgap spending bill before the shutdown went into effect. The bill included a one-year delay of the Affordable Care Act's individual mandate and would have also stripped the bill of federal subsidies for congressional members and staff. It passed through the House with a vote of 228-201.^[219] At 1 a.m. on October 1, 2013, one hour after the shutdown officially began, the House voted to move forward with going to a conference. In short order, Sen. Harry Reid rejected the call to conference.^[220] Frankel voted against the stopgap spending bill that would have delayed the individual mandate.^[221]

The shutdown ended on October 16, 2013, when the House took a vote on HR 2775 after it was approved by the Senate. The bill to reopen the government lifted the $16.7 trillion debt limit and funded the government through January 15, 2014. Federal employees also received retroactive pay for the shutdown period. The only concession made by Senate Democrats was to require income verification for Obamacare subsidies.^[222] The House passed the legislation shortly after the Senate, by a vote of 285-144, with all 144 votes against the legislation coming from Republican members. Frankel voted for HR 2775.^[223]

Federal Pay Adjustment Act

Frankel did not vote on HR 273 - Eliminates the 2013 Statutory Pay Adjustment for Federal Employees. The bill passed the House on February 15, 2013, with a vote of 261 - 154. The bill called for stopping a 0.5 percent pay increase for all federal workers from taking effect. The raises were projected to cost $11 billion over 10 years.^[211]

Immigration

Morton Memos Prohibition

Frankel voted against House Amendment 136 - Prohibits the Enforcement of the Immigration Executive Order. The amendment was adopted by the House on June 6, 2013, with a vote of 224 - 201. The purpose of the amendment as stated on the official text is to "prohibit the use of funds to finalize, implement, administer, or enforce the Morton Memos." These memos would have granted administrative amnesty to certain individuals residing in the United States without legal status. The vote largely followed party lines.^[211]

Healthcare

Healthcare Reform Rules

Frankel voted against House Amendment 450 - Requires Congressional Approval for Any Rules Under the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act. The amendment was adopted by the House on August 2, 2013, with a vote of 227-185. The amendment requires all changes to the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act be approved by Congress before taking effect. The vote was largely along party lines.^[211]

Keep the IRS Off Your Healthcare Act

Frankel voted against HR 2009 - Keep the IRS Off Your Healthcare Act of 2013. The bill passed through the House on August 2, 2013, with a vote of 232-185. The bill would prevent the IRS and Treasury Secretary from enforcing the powers provided to them in the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act. The vote largely followed party lines.^[211]

Social issues

Amash amendment

Frankel voted against House Amendment 413 - Prohibits the National Security Agency from Collecting Records Under the Patriot Act. The amendment failed on July 4, 2013, by a vote of 205-217. The amendment would have prohibited the collection of records by the National Security Agency under the Patriot Act. Both parties were split on the vote.^[211]

External links

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Candidate

U.S. House Florida District 23

Website

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Officeholder

U.S. House Florida District 22

Personal

Footnotes

Political offices
Preceded by Theodore E. Deutch (D)	U.S. House Florida District 22 2023-Present	Succeeded by -
Preceded by Theodore E. Deutch (D)	U.S. House Florida District 21 2017-2023	Succeeded by Brian Mast (R)
Preceded by Allen B. West (R)	U.S. House Florida District 22 2013-2017	Succeeded by Theodore E. Deutch (D)
Preceded by -	West Palm Beach Mayor 2003-2011	Succeeded by -
Preceded by -	Florida House of Representatives District 85 1994-2002	Succeeded by -
Preceded by -	Florida House of Representatives District 83 1986-1992	Succeeded by -

[show]

Florida's current delegation to the United States Congress

Senators

Ashley Moody (R)

Rick Scott (R)

Representatives

District 1

Jimmy Patronis (R)

District 2

Neal Dunn (R)

District 3

Kat Cammack (R)

District 4

Aaron Bean (R)

District 5

John Rutherford (R)

District 6

Randy Fine (R)

District 7

Cory Mills (R)

District 8

Mike Haridopolos (R)

District 9

Darren Soto (D)

District 10

Maxwell Frost (D)

District 11

Daniel Webster (R)

District 12

Gus Bilirakis (R)

District 13

Anna Luna (R)

District 14

Kathy Castor (D)

District 15

Laurel Lee (R)

District 16

Vern Buchanan (R)

District 17

Greg Steube (R)

District 18

Scott Franklin (R)

District 19

Byron Donalds (R)

District 20

Vacant

District 21

Brian Mast (R)

District 22

Lois Frankel (D)

District 23

Jared Moskowitz (D)

District 24

Frederica Wilson (D)

District 25

Debbie Wasserman Schultz (D)

District 26

Mario Diaz-Balart (R)

District 27

Maria Elvira Salazar (R)

District 28

Carlos Gimenez (R)

Republican Party (22)

Democratic Party (7)

Vacancies (1)

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[39] Congress.gov, "H.R.2670 - National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2024," accessed February 23, 2024

[40] Clerk of the United States House of Representatives, "Roll Call 723," December 14, 2023

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[47] Congress.gov, "H.R.1 - Lower Energy Costs Act," accessed February 23, 2024

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[53] Congress.gov, "H.R.3746 - Fiscal Responsibility Act of 2023," accessed February 23, 2024

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[63] Congress.gov, "Social Security Fairness Act of 2023." accessed February 13, 2025

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[65] Congress.gov, "H.R.2 - Secure the Border Act of 2023," accessed February 13, 2025

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[68] Clerk of the United States House of Representatives, "Roll Call 380," accessed May 15, 2025

[69] Congress.gov, "Tax Relief for American Families and Workers Act of 2024," accessed February 23, 2024

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[71] Congress.gov, "H.R.8070 - Servicemember Quality of Life Improvement and National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2025," accessed February 18, 2025

[72] Clerk of the United States House of Representatives, "Roll Call 279," accessed May 15, 2025

[73] Congress.gov, "H.R.6090 - Antisemitism Awareness Act of 2023," accessed February 13, 2025

[74] Clerk of the United States House of Representatives, "Roll Call 172," accessed May 15, 2025

[75] Congress.gov, "H.R.3935 - FAA Reauthorization Act of 2024," accessed February 13, 2025

[76] Clerk of the United States House of Representatives, "Roll Call 200," accessed May 15, 2025

[77] Congress.gov, "H.R.9495 - Stop Terror-Financing and Tax Penalties on American Hostages Act," accessed February 13, 2025

[78] Clerk of the United States House of Representatives, "Roll Call 477," accessed May 15, 2025

[79] Congress.gov, "H.Res.863 - Impeaching Alejandro Nicholas Mayorkas, Secretary of Homeland Security, for high crimes and misdemeanors." accessed February 13, 2025

[80] Clerk of the United States House of Representatives, "Roll Call 43," accessed May 15, 2025

[81] Congress.gov, "H.R.9747 - Continuing Appropriations and Extensions Act, 2025," accessed February 13, 2025

[82] Clerk of the United States House of Representatives, "Roll Call 450," accessed May 15, 2025

[83] Congress.gov, "H.R.3684 - Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act," accessed April 15, 2022

[84] Congress.gov, "H.R.1319 - American Rescue Plan Act of 2021," accessed April 15, 2022

[85] Congress.gov, "H.R.5376 - Inflation Reduction Act of 2022," accessed January 20, 2023

[86] Congress.gov, "H.R.3617 - Marijuana Opportunity Reinvestment and Expungement Act," accessed January 20, 2023

[87] Congress.gov, "H.R.1 - For the People Act of 2021," accessed April 15, 2022

[88] Congress.gov, "H.R.1808 - Assault Weapons Ban of 2022," accessed January 20, 2023

[89] Congress.gov, "S.1605 - National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2022," accessed April 15, 2022

[90] Congress.gov, "H.R.7776 - James M. Inhofe National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2023," accessed January 20, 2023

[91] Congress.gov, "H.R.6 - American Dream and Promise Act of 2021," accessed April 15, 2022

[92] Congress.gov, "S.3373 - Sergeant First Class Heath Robinson Honoring our Promise to Address Comprehensive Toxics Act of 2022," accessed January 20, 2023

[93] Congress.gov, "H.R.4346 - Chips and Science Act," accessed January 20, 2023

[94] Congress.gov, "H.R.3755 - Women's Health Protection Act of 2021," accessed April 15, 2022

[95] Congress.gov, "H.R.1996 - SAFE Banking Act of 2021," accessed April 15, 2022

[96] Congress.gov, "H.R.2471 - Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2022," accessed January 20, 2023

[97] Congress.gov, "H.R.5 - Equality Act," accessed April 15, 2022

[98] Congress.gov, "H.R.8404 - Respect for Marriage Act," accessed January 20, 2023

[99] Congress.gov, "H.R.6833 - Continuing Appropriations and Ukraine Supplemental Appropriations Act, 2023," accessed January 20, 2023

[100] Congress.gov, "H.R.7688 - Consumer Fuel Price Gouging Prevention Act," accessed January 20, 2023

[101] Congress.gov, "H.R.8 - Bipartisan Background Checks Act of 2021," accessed January 20, 2023

[102] Congress.gov, "H.R.5746 - Freedom to Vote: John R. Lewis Act," accessed January 20, 2023

[103] Congress.gov, "S.2938 - Bipartisan Safer Communities Act," accessed January 20, 2023

[104] Congress.gov, "H.Res.24 - Impeaching Donald John Trump, President of the United States, for high crimes and misdemeanors.," accessed April 15, 2022

[105] Congress.gov, "H.R.2617 - Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023," accessed January 20, 2023

[106] Congress.gov, "H.R.1044 - Fairness for High-Skilled Immigrants Act of 2020," accessed March 22, 2024

[107] Congress.gov, "H.R.6800 - The Heroes Act," accessed April 23, 2024

[108] Congress.gov, "H.R.1 - For the People Act of 2019," accessed April 23, 2024

[109] Congress.gov, "H.R.748 - CARES Act," accessed April 23, 2024

[110] Congress.gov, "H.R.5 - Equality Act," accessed April 23, 2024

[111] Congress.gov, "H.R.8 - Bipartisan Background Checks Act of 2019," accessed April 23, 2024

[112] Congress.gov, "H.R.6 - American Dream and Promise Act of 2019," accessed April 27, 2024

[113] Congress.gov, "S.1790 - National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2020," accessed April 27, 2024

[114] Congress.gov, "H.R.6201 - Families First Coronavirus Response Act," accessed April 24, 2024

[115] Congress.gov, "H.R.1994 - Setting Every Community Up for Retirement Enhancement Act of 2019," accessed April 27, 2024

[116] Congress.gov, "H.R.3 - Elijah E. Cummings Lower Drug Costs Now Act," accessed March 22, 2024

[117] Congress.gov, "H.R.1865 - Further Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2020," accessed April 27, 2024

[118] Congress.gov, "S.1838 - Hong Kong Human Rights and Democracy Act of 2019," accessed April 27, 2024

[119] Congress.gov, "H.R.3884 - MORE Act of 2020," accessed April 27, 2024

[120] Congress.gov, "H.R.6074 - Coronavirus Preparedness and Response Supplemental Appropriations Act, 2020," accessed April 27, 2024

[121] Congress.gov, "H.J.Res.31 - Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2019," accessed April 27, 2024

[122] Congress.gov, "S.47 - John D. Dingell, Jr. Conservation, Management, and Recreation Act," accessed April 27, 2024

[123] Congress.gov, "H.R.6395 - William M. (Mac) Thornberry National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2021," accessed April 27, 2024

[124] Congress.gov, "H.R.6395 - William M. (Mac) Thornberry National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2021," accessed April 27, 2024

[125] Congress.gov, "S.24 - Government Employee Fair Treatment Act of 2019," accessed April 27, 2024

[126] Congress.gov, "H.Res.755 - Impeaching Donald John Trump, President of the United States, for high crimes and misdemeanors," accessed April 27, 2024

[127] Congress.gov, "H.Res.755 - Impeaching Donald John Trump, President of the United States, for high crimes and misdemeanors," accessed April 27, 2024

[128] Clerk.House.gov, "Final Vote Results for Roll Call 434," accessed December 13, 2018

[129] Clerk.House.gov, "Final Vote Results For Roll Call 284," June 21, 2018

[130] Clerk.House.gov, "Final Vote Results For Roll Call 282," June 21, 2018

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[132] Clerk.House.gov, "Final Vote Results For Roll Call 549," October 3, 2017

[133] Clerk.House.gov, "Final Vote Results For Roll Call 344," June 29, 2017

[134] Clerk.House.gov, "Final Vote Results For Roll Call 342," June 29, 2017

[135] Clerk.House.gov, "Final Vote Results For Roll Call 256," May 4, 2017

[136] Clerk.House.gov, "Final Vote Results For Roll Call 405," September 26, 2018

[137] Clerk.House.gov, "Final Vote Results For Roll Call 399," September 13, 2018

[138] Clerk.House.gov, "Final Vote Results For Roll Call 313," June 28, 2018

[139] Clerk.House.gov, "Final Vote Results For Roll Call 257," June 8, 2018

[140] Clerk.House.gov, "Final Vote Results For Roll Call 216," May 22, 2018

[141] Clerk.House.gov, "Final Vote Results For Roll Call 127," March 22, 2018

[142] Clerk.House.gov, "Final Vote Results For Roll Call 69," February 9, 2018

[143] Clerk.House.gov, "Final Vote Results For Roll Call 60," February 6, 2018

[144] Clerk.House.gov, "Final Vote Results For Roll Call 44," January 22, 2018

[145] Clerk.House.gov, "Final Vote Results For Roll Call 33," January 18, 2018

[146] Clerk.House.gov, "Final Vote Results For Roll Call 708," December 21, 2017

[147] Clerk.House.gov, "Final Vote Results For Roll Call 692," December 19, 2017

[148] Clerk.House.gov, "Final Vote Results For Roll Call 670," December 7, 2017

[149] Clerk.House.gov, "Final Vote Results For Roll Call 637," November 16, 2017

[150] Clerk.House.gov, "Final Vote Results For Roll Call 589," October 26, 2017

[151] Clerk.House.gov, "Final Vote Results For Roll Call 557," October 5, 2017

[152] Clerk.House.gov, "Final Vote Results For Roll Call 528," September 14, 2017

[153] Clerk.House.gov, "Final Vote Results For Roll Call 480," September 8, 2017

[154] Clerk.House.gov, "Final Vote Results For Roll Call 441," September 6, 2017

[155] Clerk.House.gov, "Final Vote Results For Roll Call 299," June 8, 2017

[156] Clerk.House.gov, "Final Vote Results For Roll Call 249," May 3, 2017

[157] Clerk.House.gov, "Final Vote Results For Roll Call 230," May 24, 2018

[158] Clerk.House.gov, "Final Vote Results For Roll Call 49," January 30, 2018

[159] Clerk.House.gov, "Final Vote Results For Roll Call 631," November 14, 2017

[160] Clerk.House.gov, "Final Vote Results For Roll Call 435," July 27, 2017

[161] Clerk.House.gov, "Final Vote Results For Roll Call 413," July 25, 2017

[162] Clerk.House.gov, "Final Vote Results For Roll Call 437," July 28, 2017

[163] Clerk.House.gov, "Final Vote Results For Roll Call 407," July 24, 2017

[164] Clerk.House.gov, "Final Vote Results For Roll Call 378," July 14, 2017

[165] Clerk.House.gov, "Final Vote Results for Roll Call 136," March 8, 2017

[166] Congressional Record, "Resume of Congressional Activity, First Session of the 113th Congress," accessed April 29, 2015

[167] Congressional Record, "Resume of Congressional Activity, Second Session of the 114th Congress," accessed January 5, 2017

[168] Congressional Record, "Resume of Congressional Activity, First Session of the One Hundred Fourteenth Congress," April 13, 2015

[169] Clerk.House.gov, "Final Vote Results for Roll Call 361," June 12, 2015

[170] Roll Call, "Deadline for TAA Do-Over Vote Extended to July 30 (Updated)," June 15, 2015

[171] Clerk.House.gov, "Final Vote Results for Roll Call 362," June 12, 2015

[172] Roll Call, "Deadline for TAA Do-Over Vote Extended to July 30 (Updated)," June 15, 2015

[173] Clerk.House.gov, "Final Vote Results for Roll Call 374," June 18, 2015

[174] Politico, "Trade turnaround: House backs new power for Obama," June 18, 2015

[175] Clerk.House.gov, "Final Vote Results for Roll Call 388," June 24, 2015

[176] The Hill, "Obama signs trade bills," June 29, 2015

[177] Clerk.House.gov, "Final Vote Results for Roll Call 239," accessed May 27, 2015

[178] Congress.gov, "H.R. 1735," accessed May 27, 2015

[179] The Hill, "Redone defense policy bill sails through House," accessed November 12, 2015

[180] Congress.gov, "S. 1356," accessed November 12, 2015

[181] Clerk.House.gov, "Final Vote Results for Roll Call 618," accessed November 12, 2015

[182] Senate.gov, "On the Motion (Motion to Concur in the House Amendment to S. 1356)," accessed November 12, 2015

[183] Congress.gov, "S.Con.Res.11," accessed May 5, 2015

[184] Clerk.House.gov, "Final Vote Results for Roll Call 183," accessed May 5, 2015

[185] The Hill, "Republicans pass a budget, flexing power of majority," accessed May 5, 2015

[186] Congress.gov, "HR 1314 - Bipartisan Budget Act of 2015," accessed November 1, 2015

[187] Clerk.House.gov, "Final Vote Results for Roll Call 579," accessed November 1, 2015

[188] Senate.gov, "On the Motion (Motion to Concur in the House Amendment to the Senate Amendment to H.R. 1314)," accessed November 1, 2015

[189] Congress.gov, "H.R.1191 - Iran Nuclear Agreement Review Act of 2015," accessed May 16, 2015

[190] Clerk.House.gov, "Final Vote Results for Roll Call 226," accessed May 16, 2015

[191] Congress.gov, "HR 3461," accessed September 11, 2015

[192] Clerk.House.gov, "Final Vote Results for Roll Call 493," accessed September 11, 2015

[193] Congress.gov, "HR 3460," accessed September 10, 2015

[194] Clerk.House.gov, "Final Vote Results for Roll Call 494," accessed September 11, 2015

[195] Congress.gov, "H Res 411," accessed September 10, 2015

[rc492-196] Clerk.House.gov, "Final Vote Results for Roll Call 492," accessed September 10, 2015

[197] Congress.gov, "HR 597," accessed November 2, 2015

[198] Clerk.House.gov, "Final Vote Results for Roll Call 576," accessed November 2, 2015

[199] Congress.gov, "H.R.2048," accessed May 26, 2015

[200] Clerk.House.gov, "Final Vote Results for Roll Call 224," accessed May 26, 2015

[201] Congress.gov, "HR 36 - the Pain-Capable Unborn Child Protection Act," accessed May 16, 2015

[202] Clerk.House.gov, "HR 36," accessed May 16, 2015

[203] Congress.gov, "HR 1731," accessed November 2, 2015

[204] Clerk.House.gov, "Final Vote Results for Roll Call 173," accessed November 2, 2015

[205] Congress.gov, "HR 1560 - Protecting Cyber Networks Act," accessed November 1, 2015

[206] Clerk.House.gov, "Final Vote Results for Roll Call 170," accessed November 1, 2015

[207] Congress.gov, "HR 4038 - the American SAFE Act of 2015," accessed November 20, 2015

[208] Clerk.House.gov, "Final Vote Results for Roll Call 643," accessed November 20, 2015

[209] Congressional Record, "Resume of Congressional Activity, First Session of the 112th Congress," accessed September 5, 2013

[210] Congressional Record, "Resume of Congressional Activity, Second Session of the 113th Congress," accessed March 4, 2014

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[212] The Library of Congress, "Bill Summary & Status - 113th Congress (2013 - 2014) - H.R.624," accessed August 27, 2013

[213] Clerk of U.S. House, "Roll Call Vote 31: H.R. 2642," accessed February 12, 2014

[214] Politico, "House clears farm bill," accessed February 12, 2014

[farm-215] 215.0 ^215.1 NY Times, "Senate Passes Long-Stalled Farm Bill, With Clear Winners and Losers," accessed February 12, 2014

[cnnhousevote-216] 216.0 ^216.1 CNN.com, "House passes compromise $1.1 trillion budget for 2014," accessed January 20, 2014

[vote-217] 217.0 ^217.1 ^217.2 U.S. House, "Roll Call Vote 21," accessed January 20, 2014

[218] Roll Call, "Omnibus Sails Through the Senate," January 16, 2014

[219] Clerk of the U.S. House, "Final vote results for Roll Call 504," accessed October 31, 2013

[220] Buzzfeed, "Government Shutdown: How We Got Here," accessed October 1, 2013

[221] Clerk of the U.S. House, "Final vote results for Roll Call 504," accessed October 31, 2013

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